This directory contains a small program that will mount a ROMFS file system
containing the BASIC test files extracted from the BAS 2.4
release.
Bas is an interpreter for the classic dialect of the programming language BASIC. It is pretty compatible to typical BASIC interpreters of the 1980s, unlike some other UNIX BASIC interpreters, that implement a different syntax, breaking compatibility to existing programs. Bas offers many ANSI BASIC statements for structured programming, such as procedures, local variables and various loop types. Further there are matrix operations, automatic LIST indentation and many statements and functions found in specific classic dialects. Line numbers are not required.
The interpreter tokenises the source and resolves references to variables and jump targets before running the program. This compilation pass increases efficiency and catches syntax errors, type errors and references to variables that are never initialised. Bas is written in ANSI C for UNIX systems.
BAS 2.4
is released as part of NuttX under the standard 3-clause BSD license
use by all components of NuttX. This is not incompatible with the original BAS
2.4
licensing
Copyright (c) 1999-2014 Michael Haardt
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Scalar variable assignment
10 a=1
20 print a
30 a$="hello"
40 print a$
50 a=0.0002
60 print a
70 a=2.e-6
80 print a
90 a=.2e-6
100 print a
1
hello
0.0002
0.000
0.0000020
0.0000002
Output would differ on other platforms NttX does not use scientific notation in floating point output.
Array variable assignment
10 dim a(1)
20 a(0)=10
30 a(1)=11
40 a=12
50 print a(0)
60 print a(1)
70 print a
10
11
12
FOR
loops
10 for i=0 to 10
20 print i
30 if i=5 then exit for
40 next
50 for i=0 to 0
60 print i
70 next I
80 for i=1 to 0 step -1
90 print i
100 next
110 for i=1 to 0
120 print i
130 next
140 for i$="" to "aaaaaaaaaa" step "a"
150 print i$
160 next
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
0
a
aa
aaa
aaaa
aaaaa
aaaaaa
aaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa
REPEAT
UNTIL
loop
10 a=1
20 repeat
30 print a
40 a=a+1
50 until a=10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
GOSUB
RETURN
subroutines
10 gosub 100
20 gosub 100
30 end
100 gosub 200
110 gosub 200
120 return
200 print "hello, world":return
hello, world
hello, world
hello, world
hello, world
Recursive function without arguments
10 def fnloop
20 if n=0.0 then
30 r=0.0
40 else
50 print n
60 n=n-1.0
70 r=fnloop()
80 end if
90 =r
100 n=10
110 print fnloop
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Recursive function with arguments
10 def fna(x)
20 if x=0 then r=1 else r=x*fna(x-1)
30 =r
40 print fna(7)
5040
DATA
, READ
and RESTORE
10 data "a",b
20 data "c","d
40 read j$
50 print "j=";j$
60 restore 20
70 for i=1 to 3
80 read j$,k$
90 print "j=";j$;" k=";k$
100 next
j=a
j=c k=d
Error: end of `data' in line 80 at:
80 read j$,k$
^
LOCAL
variables
10 def fna(a)
20 local b
30 b=a+1
40 =b
60 b=3
70 print b
80 print fna(4)
90 print b
3
5
3
PRINT USING
10 print using "!";"abcdef"
20 print using "\ \";"abcdef"
30 print using "###-";-1
40 print using "###-";0
50 print using "###-";1
60 print using "###+";-1
70 print using "###+";0
80 print using "###+";1
90 print using "#####,";1000
100 print using "**#,##.##";1000.00
110 print using "+##.##";1
120 print using "+##.##";1.23400
130 print using "+##.##";123.456
140 print using "+##.";123.456
150 print using "+##";123.456
160 print using "abc def ###.## efg";1.3
170 print using "###.##^^^^^";5
180 print using "###.##^^^^";1000
190 print using ".##^^^^";5.0
200 print using "##^^^^";2.3e-9
210 print using ".##^^^^";2.3e-9
220 print using "#.#^^^^";2.3e-9
230 print using ".####^^^^^";-011466
240 print using "$*,***,***,***.**";3729825.24
250 print using "$**********.**";3729825.24
260 print using "$$###.##";456.78
270 print using "a!b";"S"
280 print using "a!b";"S","T"
290 print using "a!b!c";"S"
300 print using "a!b!c";"S","T"
a
abc
1-
0
1
1-
0+
1+
1,000
*1,000.00
+1.00
+1.23
+123.46
+123.
+123
abc def 1.30 efg
500.00E-002
100.00E+01
.50E+01
23E-10
.23E-08
2.3E-09
-.1147E+005
$***3,729,825.24
$**3729825.24
$456.78
aSb
aSbaTb
aSb
aSbTc
OPEN
and LINE INPUT
10 open "i",1,"test.bas"
20 while not eof(1)
30 line input #1,a$
40 print a$
50 wend
10 open "i",1,"test.bas"
20 while not eof(1)
30 line input #1,a$
40 print a$
50 wend
Exception handling
10 on error print "global handler 1 caught error in line ";erl : resume 30
20 print mid$("",-1)
30 on error print "global handler 2 caught error in line ";erl : end
40 def procx
50 on error print "local handler caught error in line";erl : goto 70
60 print 1/0
70 end proc
80 procx
90 print 1 mod 0
global handler 1 caught error in line 20
local handler caught error in line 60
global handler 2 caught error in line 90
Unnumbered lines
print "a"
goto 20
print "b"
20 print "c"
a
c
SELECT CASE
10 for i=0 to 9
20 for j=0 to 9
30 print i,j
40 select case i
50 case 0
60 print "i after case 0"
70 case 1
80 print "i after case 1"
90 select case j
100 case 0
110 print "j after case 0"
120 end select
130 case 3 to 5,7
140 print "i after case 3 to 5, 7"
150 case is <9
160 print "is after case is <9"
170 case else
180 print "i after case else"
190 end select
200 next
210 next
0 0
i after case 0
0 1
i after case 0
0 2
i after case 0
0 3
i after case 0
0 4
i after case 0
0 5
i after case 0
0 6
i after case 0
0 7
i after case 0
0 8
i after case 0
0 9
i after case 0
1 0
i after case 1
j after case 0
1 1
i after case 1
1 2
i after case 1
1 3
i after case 1
1 4
i after case 1
1 5
i after case 1
1 6
i after case 1
1 7
i after case 1
1 8
i after case 1
1 9
i after case 1
2 0
is after case is <9
2 1
is after case is <9
2 2
is after case is <9
2 3
is after case is <9
2 4
is after case is <9
2 5
is after case is <9
2 6
is after case is <9
2 7
is after case is <9
2 8
is after case is <9
2 9
is after case is <9
3 0
i after case 3 to 5, 7
3 1
i after case 3 to 5, 7
3 2
i after case 3 to 5, 7
3 3
i after case 3 to 5, 7
3 4
i after case 3 to 5, 7
3 5
i after case 3 to 5, 7
3 6
i after case 3 to 5, 7
3 7
i after case 3 to 5, 7
3 8
i after case 3 to 5, 7
3 9
i after case 3 to 5, 7
4 0
i after case 3 to 5, 7
4 1
i after case 3 to 5, 7
4 2
i after case 3 to 5, 7
4 3
i after case 3 to 5, 7
4 4
i after case 3 to 5, 7
4 5
i after case 3 to 5, 7
4 6
i after case 3 to 5, 7
4 7
i after case 3 to 5, 7
4 8
i after case 3 to 5, 7
4 9
i after case 3 to 5, 7
5 0
i after case 3 to 5, 7
5 1
i after case 3 to 5, 7
5 2
i after case 3 to 5, 7
5 3
i after case 3 to 5, 7
5 4
i after case 3 to 5, 7
5 5
i after case 3 to 5, 7
5 6
i after case 3 to 5, 7
5 7
i after case 3 to 5, 7
5 8
i after case 3 to 5, 7
5 9
i after case 3 to 5, 7
6 0
is after case is <9
6 1
is after case is <9
6 2
is after case is <9
6 3
is after case is <9
6 4
is after case is <9
6 5
is after case is <9
6 6
is after case is <9
6 7
is after case is <9
6 8
is after case is <9
6 9
is after case is <9
7 0
i after case 3 to 5, 7
7 1
i after case 3 to 5, 7
7 2
i after case 3 to 5, 7
7 3
i after case 3 to 5, 7
7 4
i after case 3 to 5, 7
7 5
i after case 3 to 5, 7
7 6
i after case 3 to 5, 7
7 7
i after case 3 to 5, 7
7 8
i after case 3 to 5, 7
7 9
i after case 3 to 5, 7
8 0
is after case is <9
8 1
is after case is <9
8 2
is after case is <9
8 3
is after case is <9
8 4
is after case is <9
8 5
is after case is <9
8 6
is after case is <9
8 7
is after case is <9
8 8
is after case is <9
8 9
is after case is <9
9 0
i after case else
9 1
i after case else
9 2
i after case else
9 3
i after case else
9 4
i after case else
9 5
i after case else
9 6
i after case else
9 7
i after case else
9 8
i after case else
9 9
i after case else
FIELD
, PUT
and GET
a$="a"
open "r",1,"test.dat",128
print "before field a$=";a$
field #1,10 as a$
field #1,5 as b$,5 as c$
lset b$="hi"
rset c$="ya"
print "a$=";a$
put #1
close #1
print "after close a$=";a$
open "r",2,"test.dat",128
field #2,10 as b$
get #2
print "after get b$=";b$
close #2
kill "test.dat"
before field a$=a
a$=hi ya
after close a$=
after get b$=hi ya
SWAP
a=1 : b=2
print "a=";a;"b=";b
swap a,b
print "a=";a;"b=";b
dim a$(1,1),b$(1,1)
a$(1,0)="a" : b$(0,1)="b"
print "a$(1,0)=";a$(1,0);"b$(0,1)=";b$(0,1)
swap a$(1,0),b$(0,1)
print "a$(1,0)=";a$(1,0);"b$(0,1)=";b$(0,1)
a= 1 b= 2
a= 2 b= 1
a$(1,0)=ab$(0,1)=b
a$(1,0)=bb$(0,1)=a
DO
, EXIT DO
, LOOP
print "loop started"
i=1
do
print "i is";i
i=i+1
if i>10 then exit do
loop
print "loop ended"
loop started
i is 1
i is 2
i is 3
i is 4
i is 5
i is 6
i is 7
i is 8
i is 9
i is 10
loop ended
DO WHILE
, LOOP
print "loop started"
x$=""
do while len(x$)<3
print "x$ is ";x$
x$=x$+"a"
y$=""
do while len(y$)<2
print "y$ is ";y$
y$=y$+"b"
loop
loop
print "loop ended"
loop started
x$ is
y$ is
y$ is b
x$ is a
y$ is
y$ is b
x$ is aa
y$ is
y$ is b
loop ended
ELSEIF
for x=1 to 3
if x=1 then
print "1a"
else
if x=2 then
print "2a"
else
print "3a"
end if
end if
next
for x=1 to 3
if x=1 then
print "1b"
elseif x=2 then
print "2b"
elseif x=3 then print "3b"
next
1a
2a
3a
1b
2b
3b
Caller trace
10 gosub 20
20 gosub 30
30 procb
40 def proca
50 print "hi"
60 stop
70 end proc
80 def procb
90 proca
100 end proc
hi
Break in line 60 at:
60 stop
^
Proc Called in line 90 at:
90 proca
^
Proc Called in line 30 at:
30 procb
^
Called in line 20 at:
20 gosub 30
^
Called in line 10 at:
10 gosub 20
^
Matrix assignment
dim a(3,4)
for i=0 to 3
for j=0 to 4
a(i,j)=i*10+j
print a(i,j);
next
print
next
mat b=a
for i=0 to 3
for j=0 to 4
print b(i,j);
next
print
next
0 1 2 3 4
10 11 12 13 14
20 21 22 23 24
30 31 32 33 34
0 0 0 0 0
0 11 12 13 14
0 21 22 23 24
0 31 32 33 34
MAT PRINT
dim a(2,2)
for i=0 to 2
for j=0 to 2
a(i,j)=i*10+j
next
next
for j=1 to 2
for i=1 to 2
print using " ##.##";a(i,j),
next
print
next
mat print using " ##.##";a,a
11.00 21.00
12.00 22.00
11.00 12.00
21.00 22.00
11.00 12.00
21.00 22.00
Matrix addition and subtraction
dim a(2,2)
a(2,2)=2.5
dim b%(2,2)
b%(2,2)=3
mat print a
mat a=a-b%
mat print a
dim c$(2,2)
c$(2,1)="hi"
mat print c$
mat c$=c$+c$
mat print c$
0 0
0 2.5
0 0
0 -0.5
hi
hihi
Matrix multiplication
10 dim b(2,3),c(3,2)
20 for i=1 to 2 : for j=1 to 3 : read b(i,j) : next : next
30 for i=1 to 3 : for j=1 to 2 : read c(i,j) : next : next
40 mat a=b*c
50 mat print b,c,a
60 data 1,2,3,3,2,1
70 data 1,2,2,1,3,3
1 2 3
3 2 1
1 2
2 1
3 3
14 13
10 11
Matrix scalar multiplication
10 dim a(3,3)
20 for i=1 to 3 : for j=1 to 3 : read a(i,j) : next : next
30 mat print a
40 mat a=(3)*a
45 print
50 mat print a
60 data 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
80 dim inch_array(5,1),cm_array(5,1)
90 mat read inch_array
100 data 1,12,36,100,39.37
110 mat print inch_array
120 mat cm_array=(2.54)*inch_array
130 mat print cm_array
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
3 6 9
12 15 18
21 24 27
1
12
36
100
39.37
2.54
30.48
91.44
254
99.9998
MAT READ
dim a(3,3)
data 5,5,5,8,8,8,3,3
mat read a(2,3)
mat print a
5 5 5
8 8 8
Matrix inversion
data 1,2,3,4
mat read a(2,2)
mat print a
mat b=inv(a)
mat print b
mat c=a*b
mat print c
1 2
3 4
-2 1
1.5 -0.5
1 0
0 1
TDL BASIC FNRETURN
/FNEND
def fnfac(n)
if n=1 then fnreturn 1
fnend n*fnfac(n-1)
print fnfac(10)
3628800
TDL INSTR
print instr("123456789","456");" = 4?"
print INSTR("123456789","654");" = 0?"
print INSTR("1234512345","34");" = 3?"
print INSTR("1234512345","34",6);" = 8?"
print INSTR("1234512345","34",6,2);" = 0?"
print INSTR("1234512345","34",6,4);" = 8?"
4 = 4?
0 = 0?
3 = 3?
8 = 8?
0 = 0?
8 = 8?
Type mismatch check
print 1+"a"
Error: Invalid binary operand at: end of program
PRINT default format
10 for i=-8 to 8
20 x=1+1/3 : y=1 : j=i
30 for j=i to -1 : x=x/10 : y=y/10 : next
40 for j=i to 1 step -1 : x=x*10 : y=y*10 : next
50 print x,y
60 next
0.0000000 0.0000000
0.0000001 0.0000001
0.0000013 0.0000010
0.0000133 0.0000100
0.000133 0.0001
0.001333 0.001
0.013333 0.01
0.133333 0.1
1.333333 1
13.33333 10
133.3333 100
1333.333 1000
13333.33 10000
133333.3 100000
1333333 1000000
13333333.3333333 10000000.0000000
133333333.3333333 100000000.0000000
Output would differ on other platforms NttX does not use scientific notation in floating point output.
SUB
routines
PUTS("abc")
END
SUB PUTS(s$)
FOR i=1 to LEN(s$) : print mid$(s$,i,1); : NEXT
PRINT
END SUB
abc
OPEN FOR BINARY
open "/tmp/test.out" for binary as 1
put 1,1,"xy"
put 1,3,"z!"
put 1,10,1/3
put 1,20,9999
close 1
open "/tmp/test.out" for binary as 1
s$=" "
get 1,1,s$
get 1,10,x
get 1,20,n%
close
print s$
print x
print n%
kill "/tmp/test.out"
xyz!
0.333333
9999
The logic in this test will fail if there is no writable file system mount at
/tmp
.
OPTION BASE
option base 3
dim a(3,5)
a(3,3)=1
a(3,5)=2
print a(3,3)
print a(3,5)
option base -2
dim b(-1,2)
b(-2,-2)=10
b(-1,2)=20
print a(3,3)
print a(3,5)
print b(-2,-2)
print b(-1,2)
1
2
1
2
10
20
Real to integer conversion
a%=1.2
print a%
a%=1.7
print a%
a%=-0.2
print a%
a%=-0.7
print a%
1
2
0
-1
OPEN
file locking
on error goto 10
print "opening file"
open "/tmp/test.out" for output lock write as #1
print "open succeeded"
if command$<>"enough" then shell "sh ./test/runbas test.bas enough"
end
10 print "open failed"
opening file
open succeeded
opening file
open failed
-
The logic in this test will fail opening the test.out file if there is no writable file system mount at
/tmp
. -
This test will still currently fail when try to fork the shell because support for that feature is not implemented. The following error message should be received:
Error: Forking child process failed (Unknown error) in line 5 at: if command$<>"enough" then shell "sh ./test/runbas test.bas enough" ^
LINE INPUT
reaching EOF
10 open "i",1,"/mnt/romfs/test37.dat"
20 while not eof(1)
30 line input #1,a$
40 if a$="abc" then print a$; else print "def"
50 wend
abc
abc
MAT REDIM
dim x(10)
mat read x
mat print x
mat redim x(7)
mat print x
mat redim x(12)
mat print x
data 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
0
0
0
0
Nested function and procedure calls
def proc_a(x)
print fn_b(1,x)
end proc
def fn_b(a,b)
= a+fn_c(b)
def fn_c(b)
= b+3
proc_a(2)
6
IMAGE
d=3.1
print using "#.#";d
print using 10;d
10 image #.##
3.1
3.10
EXIT FUNCTION
function f(c)
print "f running"
if (c) then f=42 : exit function
f=43
end function
print f(0)
print f(1)
f running
43
f running
42
Arithmetic
10 print 4.7\3
20 print -2.3\1
30 print int(-2.3)
40 print int(2.3)
50 print fix(-2.3)
60 print fix(2.3)
70 print fp(-2.3)
80 print fp(2.3)
1
-2
-3
2
-2
2
-0.3
0.3
Matrix multiplication size checks
DIM a(3,3),b(3,1),c(3,3)
MAT READ a
MAT READ b
MAT c=a*b
MAT PRINT c
DATA 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
DATA 5,3,2
erase b
DIM b(3)
RESTORE
MAT READ a
MAT READ b
MAT c=a*b
MAT PRINT c
17
47
77
Error: Dimension mismatch in line 14 at:
mat c=a*b
^
DELETE
10 print 10
20 print 20
30 print 30
40 print 40
50 print 50
60 print 60
70 print 70
load "test.bas"
delete -20
delete 60-
delete 30-40
delete 15
list
Error: No such line at: 15
50 print 50
MID$
on left side
10 mid$(a$,6,4) = "ABCD"
20 print a$
30 a$="0123456789"
40 mid$(a$,6,4) = "ABCD"
50 print a$
60 a$="0123456789"
70 let mid$(a$,6,4) = "ABCD"
80 print a$
01234ABCD9
01234ABCD9
END
used without program
for i=1 to 10:print i;:next i:end
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MAT WRITE
dim a(3,4)
for i=0 to 3
for j=0 to 4
a(i,j)=i*10+j
print a(i,j);
next
print
next
mat write a
0 1 2 3 4
10 11 12 13 14
20 21 22 23 24
30 31 32 33 34
11,12,13,14
21,22,23,24
31,32,33,34
Multi assignment
a,b = 10
print a,b
dim c(10)
a,c(a) = 2
print a,c(2),c(10)
a$,b$="test"
print a$,b$
10 10
2 0 2
test test
Matrix determinant
width 120
dim a(7,7),b(7,7)
mat read a
mat print a;
print
data 58,71,67,36,35,19,60
data 50,71,71,56,45,20,52
data 64,40,84,50,51,43,69
data 31,28,41,54,31,18,33
data 45,23,46,38,50,43,50
data 41,10,28,17,33,41,46
data 66,72,71,38,40,27,69
mat b=inv(a)
mat print b
print det
58 71 67 36 35 19 60
50 71 71 56 45 20 52
64 40 84 50 51 43 69
31 28 41 54 31 18 33
45 23 46 38 50 43 50
41 10 28 17 33 41 46
66 72 71 38 40 27 69
9.636025e+07 320206 -537449 2323650 -1.135486e+07 3.019632e+07
-9.650941e+07
4480 15 -25 108 -528 1404 -4487
-39436 -131 220 -951 4647 -12358 39497
273240 908 -1524 6589 -32198 85625 -273663
-1846174 -6135 10297 -44519 217549 -578534 1849032
1.315035e+07 43699 -73346 317110 -1549606 4120912 -1.31707e+07
-9.636079e+07 -320208 537452 -2323663 1.135493e+07 -3.019649e+07
9.650995e+07
1
Output will differ because NuttX does not use scientific notation in output. Some minor rounding differences may also be expected.
min
and max
function
print min(1,2)
print min(2,1)
print min(-0.3,0.3)
print min(-0.3,4)
print max(1,2)
print max(2,1)
print max(-0.3,0.3)
print max(-0.3,4)
1
1
-0.3
-0.3
2
2
0.3
4
Print items
PRINT "Line 1";TAB(78);1.23456789
Line 1 1.234568
MAT INPUT
dim a(2,2)
mat input a
mat print a
mat input a
mat print a
1,2,3,4,5
1
3,4
?
1 2
3 4
? ?
1 0
3 4