1. Technical Articles
1.1 The tone reproductor class
The class mainly performs a fast implementation of the algorithm
from the paper [1], with more accurate values from [2]. The blue
shift formula is taken from [3] and combined with the Scotopic
vision formula from [4].
[1] "Tone Reproduction for Realistic Images", Tumblin and
Rushmeier, IEEE Computer Graphics & Application, November
1993
[2] "Tone Reproduction and Physically Based Spectral Rendering",
Devlin, Chalmers, Wilkie and Purgathofer in EUROGRAPHICS
2002
[3] "Night Rendering", H. Wann Jensen, S. Premoze, P. Shirley,
W.B. Thompson, J.A. Ferwerda, M.M. Stark
[4] "A Visibility Matching Tone Reproduction Operator for High
Dynamic Range Scenes", G.W. Larson, H. Rushmeier, C. Piatko
1.2 The skylight class
The class is a fast implementation of the algorithm from the
article "A Practical Analytic Model for Daylight" by A. J.
Preetham, Peter Shirley and Brian Smits.
1.3 The skybright class
The class is a fast reimplementation of the VISLIMIT.BAS basic
source code from Brad Schaefer's article on pages 57-60, May
1998 _Sky & Telescope_, "To the Visual Limits". The basic
sources are available on the Sky and Telescope web site.
(code "offered as-is and without support.")
1.4 The Delta-T calculations
For implementation of calculation routines for Delta-T we used
the following sources:
[1] Delta-T webpage by Rob van Gent:
http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/deltat/deltat.htm
[2] "Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses", Espenak and Meeus
http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/deltatpoly2004.html
[3] "On the system of astronomical constants", Clemence, G. M.,
Astronomical Journal, Vol. 53, p. 169
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948AJ.....53..169C
[4] "The Rotation of the Earth, and the Secular Accelerations of
the Sun, Moon and Planets",
Spencer Jones, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society, 99 (1939), 541-558
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939MNRAS..99..541S
[5] "Polynomial approximations for the correction delta T E.T.-
U.T. in the period 1800-1975",
Schmadel, L. D.; Zech, G., Acta Astronomica, vol. 29, no. 1,
1979, p. 101-104.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979AcA....29..101S
[6] "ELP 2000-85 and the dynamic time-universal time relation",
Borkowski, K. M.,
Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 205, no.
1-2, Oct. 1988, p. L8-L10.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988A&A...205L...8B
[7] "Empirical Transformations from U.T. to E.T. for the Period
1800-1988",
Schmadel, L. D.; Zech, G., Astronomische Nachrichten 309,
219-221
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988AN....309..219S
[8] "Historical values of the Earth's clock error DeltaT and the
calculation of eclipses",
Morrison, L. V.; Stephenson, F. R., Journal for the History
of Astronomy (ISSN 0021-8286),
Vol. 35, Part 3, No. 120, p. 327 - 336 (2004)
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JHA....35..327M
[9] "Addendum: Historical values of the Earth's clock error",
Morrison, L. V.; Stephenson, F. R.,
Journal for the History of Astronomy (ISSN 0021-8286), Vol.
36, Part 3, No. 124, p. 339 (2005)
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JHA....36..339M
[10] "Polynomial approximations to Delta T, 1620-2000 AD",
Meeus, J.; Simons, L.,
Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.110,
no.6, 323
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JBAA..110..323M
[11] "Einstein's Theory of Relativity Confirmed by Ancient Solar
Eclipses", Henriksson G.,
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ASPC..409..166H
[12] "Canon of Solar Eclipses" by Mucke & Meeus (1983)
[13] "The accelerations of the earth and moon from early
astronomical observations",
Muller P. M., Stephenson F. R.,
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975grhe.conf..459M
[14] "Pre-Telescopic Astronomical Observations", Stephenson F.R.,
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978tfer.conf....5S
[15] "Long-term changes in the rotation of the earth - 700 B.C.
to A.D. 1980",
Stephenson F. R., Morrison L. V.,
Philosophical Transactions, Series A (ISSN 0080-4614), vol.
313, no. 1524, Nov. 27, 1984, p. 47-70.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984RSPTA.313...47S
[16] "Long-Term Fluctuations in the Earth's Rotation: 700 BC to
AD 1990",
Stephenson F. R., Morrison L. V.,
Philosophical Transactions: Physical Sciences and
Engineering, Volume 351, Issue 1695, pp. 165-202
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995RSPTA.351..165S
[17] "Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation" by F. R.
Stephenson (1997)
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511525186
[18] "Astronomical Algorithms" by J. Meeus (2nd ed., 1998)
[19] "Astronomy on the Personal Computer" by O. Montenbruck &
T. Pfleger (4nd ed., 2000)
[20] "Calendrical Calculations" by E. M. Reingold &
N. Dershowitz (2nd ed., 2001)
[21] DeltaT webpage by V. Reijs:
http://www.iol.ie/~geniet/eng/DeltaTeval.htm
1.5 An accurate long-time precession model compatible with P03:
J. Vondrak, N. Capitaine, P. Wallace: New precession expressions,
valid for long time intervals.
Astronomy&Astrophysics 534, A22 (2011);
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117274
1.6 Nutation:
Dennis D. McCarthy and Brian J. Lizum: An Abridged Model of the
Precession-Nutation of the Celestial Pole.
Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 85: 37-49, 2003.
This model provides accuracy better than 1 milli-arcsecond in the
time 1995-2050. It is applied for years 1500..2500 only.
2. Included source code
2.1 Some computation of the sideral time (sidereal_time.h/c) and pluto
orbit contains code from the libnova library (LGPL) by Liam Girdwood.
2.2 The orbit.cpp/h and solve.h files are directly borrowed from
Celestia (Chris Laurel). (GPL license)
2.3 Several implementations of IMCCE theories for planet and satellite
movement by Johannes Gajdosik (MIT-style license,
see the corresponding files for the license text)
2.4 The tesselation algorithms were originally extracted from the glues
library version 1.4 Mike Gorchak <[email protected]> (SGI FREE SOFTWARE
LICENSE B).
2.5 OBJ loader in the Scenery3D plugin based on glObjViewer (c) 2007
dhpoware
2.6 Parts of the code to work with DE430 and DE431 data files have been
taken from Project Pluto (GPL license).
2.7 The SpoutLibrary.dll and header from the SpoutSDK version 2.005
available at http://spout.zeal.co (BSD license).
3. Data
3.1 The Hipparcos star catalog
From ESA (European Space Agency) and the Hipparcos mission.
ref. ESA, 1997, The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, ESA SP-1200
http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/cats/I/239
3.2 The solar system data mainly comes from IMCCE and partly from
Celestia.
3.3 Polynesian constellations are based on diagrams from the Polynesian
Voyaging Society
3.4 Chinese constellations are based on diagrams from the Hong Kong
Space Museum
3.5 Egyptian constellations are based on the work of Juan Antonio
Belmonte, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias
3.6 The Tycho-2 Catalogue of the 2.5 Million Brightest Stars
Hog E., Fabricius C., Makarov V.V., Urban S., Corbin T.,
Wycoff G., Bastian U., Schwekendiek P., Wicenec A.
<Astron. Astrophys. 355, L27 (2000)>
http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/cats/I/259
3.7 Naval Observatory Merged Astrometric Dataset (NOMAD) version 1
http://www.nofs.navy.mil/nomad
Norbert Zacharias writes:
"There are no fees, both UCAC and NOMAD are freely available
with the only requirement that the source of the data (U.S.
Naval Observatory) and original product name need to be provided
with any distribution, as well as a description about any
changes made to the data, if at all."
The changes made to the data are:
-) try to compute visual magnitude and color from the b,v,r
values
-) compute nr_of_measurements = the number of valid b,v,r values
-) throw away or keep stars (depending on magnitude,
nr_of_measurements, combination of flags, tycho2 number)
-) add all stars from Hipparcos (incl. component solutions), and
tycho2+1st supplement
-) reorganize the stars in several brigthness levels and
triangular zones according to position and magnitude
The programs that are used to generate the star files are called
"MakeCombinedCatalogue", "ParseHip", "ParseNomad", and can be
found in the util subdirectory in source code. The position,
magnitudes, and proper motions of the stars coming from NOMAD
are unchanged, except for a possible loss of precision,
especially in magnitude. When there is no v-magnitude, it is
estimated from r or b magnitude. When there is no b- or v-
magnitude, the color B-V is estimated from the other magnitudes.
Also proper motions of faint stars are neglected at all.
3.8 Stellarium's Catalog of Variable Stars based on General Catalog of
Variable Stars (GCVS) version 2013Apr.
http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/gcvs/
Samus N.N., Durlevich O.V., Kazarovets E V., Kireeva N.N.,
Pastukhova E.N., Zharova A.V., et al., General Catalogue of Variable
Stars (Samus+ 2007-2012)
http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?cat=B%2Fgcvs&
3.9 Consolidated DSO catalog was created from various data:
[1] NGC/IC data taken from SIMBAD Astronomical Database
http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr
[2] Distance to NGC/IC data taken from NED (NASA/IPAC EXTRAGALACTIC
DATABASE)
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu
[3] Catalogue of HII Regions (Sharpless, 1959) taken from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/20
[4] H-α emission regions in Southern Milky Way (Rodgers+, 1960)
taken from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/216
[5] Catalogue of Reflection Nebulae (Van den Bergh, 1966) taken
from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/21
[6] Lynds' Catalogue of Dark Nebulae (LDN) (Lynds, 1962) taken
from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/7A
[7] Lynds' Catalogue of Bright Nebulae (Lynds, 1965) taken from
VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/9
[8] Catalog of bright diffuse Galactic nebulae (Cederblad, 1946)
taken from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/231
[9] Barnard's Catalogue of 349 Dark Objects in the Sky (Barnard,
1927) taken from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/220A
[10] A Catalogue of Star Clusters shown on Franklin-Adams Chart
Plates (Melotte, 1915) taken from NASA ADS
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1915MmRAS..60..175M
[11] On Structural Properties of Open Galactic Clusters and their
Spatial Distribution. Catalog of Open Galactic Clusters.
(Collinder, 1931) taken from NASA ADS
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1931AnLun...2....1C
[12] The Collinder Catalog of Open Star Clusters. An Observer’s
Checklist.
Edited by Thomas Watson. Taken from CloudyNights
http://www.cloudynights.com/page/articles/cat/articles/the-collinder-catalog-updated-r2467
3.10 Cross-identification of objects in consolidated DSO catalog was
maked with:
[1] SIMBAD Astronomical Database
http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr
[2] Merged catalogue of reflection nebulae (Magakian, 2003)
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-3?-source=J/A+A/399/141
[3] Messier Catalogue was taken from Wikipedia (includes
morphological classification and distances)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Messier_objects
[4] Caldwell Catalogue was taken from Wikipedia (includes
morphological classification and distances)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_catalogue
3.11 Morphological classification and magnitudes (partially) for Melotte
catalogue was taken from DeepSkyPedia
http://deepskypedia.com/wiki/List:Melotte
4. Graphics
4.1 All graphics are copyrighted by the Stellarium's Team (GPL) except
the ones mentioned below :
4.2 The "earthmap" texture was created by NASA (Reto Stockli, NASA Earth
Observatory) using data from the MODIS instrument aboard the
Terra satellite (Public Domain). See chapter 10.1 for full
credits.
4.4 Moon texture map was combined from maps by USGS Astrogeology Research
Program,
http://astrogeology.usgs.gov (Public Domain, DFSG-free) and by Lunar
surface textures from Celestia, based on Clementine data (Public
Domain).
4.5a Jupiter map created by James Hastings-Trew from Cassini data. "The
maps are free to download and use as source material or resource
in artwork or rendering (CGI or real time)."
4.5b The Sun, Proteus and Iapetus maps and rings of Uranus
are from Celestia (http://shatters.net/celestia/)
under the GNU General Purpose License, version 2 or any later
version:
- The Proteus map is from Phil Stooke.
- Iapetus map is from dr. Fridger Schrempp (t00fri).
4.5c The Amalthea, Ariel, Charon, Europa, Ganymede, Gaspra, Haumea,
Hyperion, Ida, Io, Janus, Mercury, Neptune, Oberon, Phoebe, Pluto,
Saturn, Sedna, Tethys, Umbriel, Vesta, Venus, Mimas, Rhea, Bianca,
Ceres, Miranda, Titania, Triton, Uranus and comet maps are processed by
Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.5d Callisto map is created by John van Vliet from PDS
data and modified by RVS. License: cc-by-sa.
4.5e Dione and Enceladus maps are created by NASA (CICLOPS team)
from Cassini data, colored by RVS. Public domain.
4.5f All other planet maps from David Seal's site:
http://maps.jpl.nasa.gov/ see license in section 10.2
4.6 The fullsky milky way panorama is created by Axel Mellinger,
University of Potsdam, Germany. Further information and more
pictures available from
http://home.arcor-online.de/axel.mellinger/
License: permission given to "Modify and redistribute this image
if proper credit to the original image is given."
4.7 All messiers nebula pictures except those mentioned below from the
Grasslands Observatory : "Images courtesy of Tim Hunter and
James McGaha, Grasslands Observatory at http://www.3towers.com."
License: permission given to "use the image freely" (including
right to modify and redistribute) "as long as it is credited."
4.8 M31, and the Pleiades pictures come from Herm Perez :
http://home.att.net/~hermperez/default.htm
License: "Feel free to use these images, if you use them in a
commercial setting please attribute the source."
4.9 Images of M8, M33, NGC253, NGC1499, NGC2244
from Jean-Pierre Bousquet
4.10 Images of M1, M15, M16, M27, M42, M57, M97, NGC6946 from Stephane
Dumont
4.11 Images of M17, M44, NGC856, NGC884 from Maxime Spano
4.12 Constellation art, GUI buttons, logo created by Johan Meuris
(Jomejome) (jomejome at users.sourceforge.net)
http://www.johanmeuris.eu/
License: released under the Free Art License
(http://artlibre.org/licence.php/lalgb.html)
Icon created by Johan Meuris
License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
4.13 The "earth-clouds" texture includes imagery owned by NASA.
See NASA's Visible Earth project at http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/
License: 1. The imagery is free of licensing fees
2. NASA requires that they be provided a credit as the
owners of the imagery
The cloud texturing was taken from Celestia (GPL),
http://www.shatters.net/celestia/
4.14 The folder icon derived from the Tango Desktop Project, used under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
license.
4.15 Images of NGC281, NGC5139, NGC6543, NGC6960, NGC7023, NGC7317,
NGC7319, NGC7320
from Andrey Kuznetsov, Kepler Observatory
http://kepler-observatorium.ru
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.16 Images of NGC891, NGC1333, NGC2903, NGC3185, NGC3187, NGC3189,
NGC3190, NGC3193, NGC3718, NGC3729, NGC4490, NGC5981, NGC5982,
NGC5985, NGC7129
from Oleg Bryzgalov
http://olegbr.astroclub.kiev.ua/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.17 Image of eta Carinae
from Georg Zotti
http://www.waa.at/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.18 Images of IC1805, IC1848, NGC6888
from Steve Tuttle
http://www.stuttle1.com/
4.19 Images of IC4628, M20, M21, M47, NGC2467, IC2948, NGC3324, NGC3293,
NGC7590, RCW158
from Trevor Gerdes
http://www.sarcasmogerdes.com/
4.20 Images of IC2118, NGC1532
from users of Ice In Space
http://www.iceinspace.com.au/
4.21 Image of IC5146 from James A Weier
4.22 Images of SMC, LMC (Magellanic Clouds) and rho Oph from Albert Van
Donkelaar
4.23 Images of NGC55, NGC300, NGC1365, NGC3628, NGC4945, NGC5128,
NGC6726, NGC6744, NGC6752, NGC6822, NGC7293, NGC2070
from Philip Montgomery
http://www.kenthurst.bigpondhosting.com/
4.24 The Vesta and Ceres map was taken from USGS website
https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/
and colored by RVS. License: public domain.
4.25 Images of NGC7318, NGC7331, M3, M13, M51, M63, M64, M74, M78, M81,
M82, M96, M101, M105, Barnard 22, Barnard 142, Barnard 173, IC405,
IC443, NGC1514, NGC1961, NGC2371, NGC2403, NGC246, NGC2841,
NGC3310, NGC3938, NGC4559, NGC7008, NGC7380, NGC7479, NGC7635,
Sh2-101
from Peter Vasey, Plover Hill Observatory
http://www.madpc.co.uk/~peterv/
4.26 Image of IC434 from Marc Aragnou
4.27 Image of solar corona from eclipse 2008-08-01 by Georg Zotti
4.28 Images of IC59, IC63, IC410, NGC2359, Sadr region from Carole Pope
https://sites.google.com/site/caroleastroimaging/
4.29 Images of NGC3690, NGC5257, NGC6050, IC883, UGC8335 and UGC9618
from NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble
Collaboration
License: public domain; http://hubblesite.org/copyright/
4.30 Images of NGC40, NGC4631, NGC4627, NGC4656, NGC4657 from Steven
Bellavia
4.31 Images of Barnard Loop, IC342 from Sun Shuwei
License: public domain
4.32 Images of M77, Sh2-264, Sh2-308 from Wang Lingyi
License: public domain
4.33 Images of IC10 from Lowell Observatory
http://www2.lowell.edu/
License: public domain
4.34 Images of IC2177, NGC6334, NGC6357, Fornax Cluster from ESO/Digitized
Sky Survey 2
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.35 Images of NGC3603 from ESO/La Silla Observatory
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.36 Images of NGC4244 from Ole Nielsen
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic
4.37 Images of NGC7000 from NASA
License: public domain
4.38 Images of IC1396 from Giuseppe Donatiello
License: Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
4.39 Images of Sh2-155 from Hewholooks
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.40 Images of NGC4565 from Ken Crawford
http://www.imagingdeepsky.com/
License: This work is free and may be used by anyone for any purpose.
If you wish to use this content, you do not need to request permission
as long as you follow any licensing requirements mentioned on this page.
4.41 Images of Coma Cluster from Caelum Observatory
http://www.caelumobservatory.com/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.42 Images of NGC1316 from ESO
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
1 Full credits for image 4.2
Author: Reto Stockli, NASA Earth Observatory,
rstockli (at) climate.gsfc.nasa.gov
Address of correspondence:
Reto Stockli
ETH/IAC (NFS Klima) & NASA/GSFC Code 913 (SSAI)
University Irchel
Building 25 Room J53
Winterthurerstrasse 190
8057 Zurich, Switzerland
Phone: +41 (0)1 635 5209
Fax: +41 (0)1 362 5197
Email: rstockli (at) climate.gsfc.nasa.gov
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
http://www.iac.ethz.ch/staff/stockli
Supervisors:
Fritz Hasler and David Herring, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Funding:
This project was realized under the SSAI subcontract 2101-01-027
(NAS5-01070)
License :
"Any and all materials published on the Earth Observatory are
freely available for re-publication or re-use, except where
copyright is indicated."
2 License for the JPL planets images
(http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/policy/index.cfm)
Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public
sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose
without prior permission, subject to the special cases noted below.
Publishers who wish to have authorization may print this page and retain
it for their records; JPL does not issue image permissions on an image
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the user agrees:
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Caltech shall not be responsible for any loss or expenses resulting
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