Hubris

Hubris is a microcontroller operating environment designed for deeply-embedded systems with reliability requirements. Its design was initially proposed in RFD41, but has evolved considerably since then.

Learning

Developer documentation is in Asciidoc in the doc/ directory. It gets rendered via GitHub pages, and is available at https://oxidecomputer.github.io/hubris .

Navigating

The repo is laid out as follows.

• app/ is where the top-level binary crates for applications live, e.g. app/gimlet contains the firmware crate for Gimlet. Generally speaking, if you want to build an image for something, look here.

• build/ contains the build system and supporting crates.

• doc/ contains developer documentation.

• drv/ contains drivers, a mix of simple driver lib crates and fully-fledged server bin crates. Current convention is that drv/SYSTEM-DEVICE is the driver for DEVICE on SYSTEM (where SYSTEM is usually an SoC name), whereas drv/SYSTEM-DEVICE-server is the server bin crate.

• lib/ contains assorted utility libraries we've written. If you need to make a reusable crate that doesn't fit into one of the other directories, it probably belongs here.

• stage0/ is the bootloader/hypovisor, primarily for LPC55.

• support/ contains some interface and programming support files, like fake certificates and programmer firmware images.

• sys/ contains the "system" bits of Hubris, namely the kernel (sys/kern), the shared crate defining the ABI (sys/abi), and the user library used by tasks (sys/userlib).

• task/ contains reusable tasks that aren't drivers. The distinction between things that live in task vs in drv/something-server is fuzzy. Use your judgement.

• test/ contains the test framework and binary crates for building it for various boards.

Developing

We currently support Linux and Windows as first-tier platforms. The build probably also works on Illumos and Mac; if anyone would like to step up to maintain support and a continuous build for those architectures, we'd love the help.

To submit changes for review push them to a branch in a fork and submit a pull request to merge that branch into master.

Prereqs

You will need:

• A rustup-based toolchain install. rustup will take care of automatically installing our pinned toolchain version, and the cross-compilation targets, when you first try to build.

• openocd (ideally 0.11) or (if using the LPC55) pyocd (0.27 or later). Note that the 0.10 release of OpenOCD predates the STLink v3. People are using various post-0.10, pre-0.11 builds provided by system package managers, with some success, but if your system isn't packaging 0.11 yet, pester them. If you're going to use Homebrew on macOS to install OpenOCD, you need to use brew install --head openocd to build the tip of the main branch rather than using the latest binary release. If you need to build from source, you can find OpenOCD v0.11.0 here. When running ./configure, make sure that you see that the ST-Link Programmer is set enabled (which should be the default).

• The appropriate Rust toolchain target installed (note: this should happen automatically):

  • rustup target add thumbv6m-none-eabi (for STM32G0xx with Cortex-M0+)
  • rustup target add thumbv7em-none-eabihf (for the STM32)
  • rustup target add thumbv8m.main-none-eabihf (for the LPC55)

• libusb, typically found from your system's package manager as libusb-1.0.0 or similar.

• libfdti1, found as libftdi1-dev or similar.

• arm-none-eabi-objcopy and arm-none-eabi-gdb, typically from your system's package manager using package names like arm-none-eabi-binutils and arm-none-eabi-gdb. macOS users can run brew install --cask gcc-arm-embedded to install the official ARM binaries.

• The Hubris debugger, Humility:

  • cargo install --git https://github.com/oxidecomputer/humility.git --locked

Windows

If you're on Windows, you can get set up by doing this:

See here for getting the source of openocd or get unofficial binaries. Alternatively, you can install via with chocolatey:

> choco install openocd

You can easily install openocd with scoop:

> scoop bucket add extras
> scoop install openocd

NOTE: openocd installed via scoop has proven problematic for some users. If you experience problems, try installing via choco or from source (see above).

You'll probably need to install this driver.

If your terminal doesn't support serial connections, you'll want to also use PuTTY; this guide does a good job of explaining how.

Finally, the instructions below invoke shell scripts. They're very small, and so for now you can run the commands manually, yourself. We may improve this in the future.

Build

We do not use cargo build or cargo run directly because they are too inflexible for our purposes. We have a complex multi-architecture build, which is a bit beyond them.

Instead, the repo includes a Cargo extension called xtask that namespaces our custom build commands.

• cargo xtask dist TOMLFILE builds a distribution image for the application described by the TOML file.
  • cargo xtask dist app/demo-stm32f4-discovery/app.toml - stm32f4-discovery
  • cargo xtask dist app/demo-stm32f4-discovery/app-f3.toml - stm32f3-discovery
  • cargo xtask dist app/lpc55xpresso/app.toml - lpcxpresso55s69
  • cargo xtask dist app/demo-stm32g0-nucleo/app-g031.toml - stm32g031
  • cargo xtask dist app/demo-stm32g0-nucleo/app-g070.toml - stm32g070
  • cargo xtask dist app/demo-stm32g0-nucleo/app-g0b1.toml - stm32g0b1
  • cargo xtask dist app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/app-h743.toml - nucleo-ih743zi2
  • cargo xtask dist app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/app-h753.toml - nucleo-ih753zi
  • cargo xtask dist app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/app-h7b3.toml - stm32h7b3i-dk
  • cargo xtask dist app/gemini-bu/app.toml - Gemini bringup board
• cargo xtask build TOMLFILE TASKNAME compiles one task of an application in isolation, the same way it would be built with dist. This is useful for iterating on a single task.

Run

Details depend on your target board. Here are some common evaluation boards we support.

Gemini bringup board

See the Gemini Bringup Getting Started docs.

STM32F3 & STM32F4 Discovery boards

Connect board via USB.

From one terminal, launch openocd with the corresponding config file:

$ openocd -f app/demo-stm32f4-discovery/openocd.cfg       # STM32F4 Discovery boards OR
$ openocd -f app/demo-stm32f4-discovery/openocd-f3.cfg    # STM32F3 Discovery boards

From another terminal:

$ cargo xtask gdb app/demo-stm32f4-discovery/app.toml app/demo-stm32f4-discovery/openocd.gdb         # STM32F4 Discovery boards OR
$ cargo xtask gdb app/demo-stm32f4-discovery/app-f3.toml app/demo-stm32f4-discovery/openocd-f3.gdb   # STM32F3 Discovery boards

If this works, you'll see gdb mumble some things about flashing, openocd will scroll by some updates, and you will eventually be unceremoniously deposited at a (gdb) prompt halted on the first instruction. Type c / continue to run.

Note that for the STM32F3 Discovery, SB10 must be soldered closed for ITM to work! This solder bridge defaults to being open, which leaves SWO disconnected. See the STM32F3 Discovery User Manual (UM1570) for schematic and details.

LPCXpresso55S69 board

To use the LPCXpresso55S69, you will need pyOCD, version 0.27.0 or later.

The LPCXpresso55S69 is somewhat of a mess because the built-on on-chip debugger, LPC-Link2, does not correctly support SWO/SWV

If you have the stock LPC-Link2, it will report itself this way via pyocd list:

$ pyocd list
  #   Probe                                           Unique ID
-----------------------------------------------------------------
  0   NXP Semiconductors LPC-LINK2 CMSIS-DAP V5.361   JSAQCQIQ

It's also possible that you have the Segger J-Link firmware -- firmware that will make its odious presence known by prompting for you to accept license terms whenever running pyocd list!

$ pyocd list
  #   Probe                                                       Unique ID
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  0   Segger J-Link LPCXpresso V2 compiled Apr  4 2019 16:54:03   726424936

In either of these cases you must -- as a one-time step -- install new firmware on the LPC-Link2. The new firmware is a build of the (open source) DAPLink, which we affectionally call RickLink after the engineer who managed to get it all built -- no small feat!

There are two files that you will need, both contained in the Hubris repository:

• lpc4322_bl_crc.bin
• lpc4322_lpc55s69xpresso_if_rla_swo_hacks.bin

You will additionally need the LPCScrypt program from NXP.

Here are the steps to install RickLink:

1. Install the DFU jumper. This can be found next to the SWD header on the left side of the board; it is labelled "DFU".

2. Run scripts/boot_lpcscrypt from the installed LPCScrypt software:

$ /usr/local/lpcscrypt/scripts/boot_lpcscrypt 
Looking for DFU devices with VID 1fc9 PID 000c ...
dfu-util -d 1fc9:000c -c 1 -i 0 -t 2048 -R  -D /usr/local/lpcscrypt/scripts/../bin/LPCScrypt_228.bin.hdr
Booted LPCScrypt target (1fc9:000c) with /usr/local/lpcscrypt/scripts/../bin/LPCScrypt_228.bin.hdr
$

3. Run lpcscrypt clockslow:

$ /usr/local/lpcscrypt/bin/lpcscrypt clockslow
$

4. Run lpcscrypt program +w1 0x0 BankA to overwrite existing firmware

$ /usr/local/lpcscrypt/bin/lpcscrypt program +w1 0x0 BankA
................
Programmed 524288 bytes to 0x1a000000 in 2.610s (196.165KB/sec)
$

5. Run lpcscrypt program +c <path-to-lpc4322_bl_crc.bin> BankA:

$ /usr/local/lpcscrypt/bin/lpcscrypt program +c ~/hubris/support/lpc4322_bl_crc.bin BankA
..
Programmed 57344 bytes to 0x1a000000 in 0.827s (67.717KB/sec)
$

6. Assuming it is successful, remove the DFU jumper and disconnect/reconnect USB

7. There should now be a USB mass storage device named MAINTENANCE

# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 477 GiB, 512110190592 bytes, 1000215216 sectors
Disk model: Micron 2200S NVMe 512GB
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: A8653F99-39AB-4F67-A9C9-524A2864856E

Device             Start        End   Sectors   Size Type
/dev/nvme0n1p1      2048    1050623   1048576   512M EFI System
/dev/nvme0n1p2   1050624  967393279 966342656 460.8G Linux filesystem
/dev/nvme0n1p3 967393280 1000214527  32821248  15.7G Linux swap


Disk /dev/sda: 64.1 MiB, 67174400 bytes, 131200 sectors
Disk model: VFS
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
# mount /dev/sda /mnt
# ls /mnt
DETAILS.TXT  PRODINFO.HTM
# cat /mnt/DETAILS.TXT
# DAPLink Firmware - see https://mbed.com/daplink
Unique ID: 02360b000d96e4fc00000000000000000000000097969905
HIC ID: 97969905
Auto Reset: 1
Automation allowed: 1
Overflow detection: 1
Daplink Mode: Interface
Interface Version: 0254
Bootloader Version: 0254
Git SHA: f499eb6ec4a847a2b78831fe1acc856fd8eb2f28
Local Mods: 1
USB Interfaces: MSD, CDC, HID, WebUSB
Bootloader CRC: 0x09974fb3
Interface CRC: 0x7174ab4c
Remount count: 0
URL: https://os.mbed.com/platforms/LPCXpresso55S69/

8. Copy lpc4322_lpc55s69xpresso_if_rla_swo_hacks.bin to the USB drive

$ sudo cp ~/hubris/support/lpc4322_lpc55s69xpresso_if_rla_swo_hacks.bin /mnt
$

9. Unmount (or otherwise sync) the USB drive:

# umount /mnt
#

10. Unplug and replug the USB cable.

Verify that you are on the new firmware by running pyocd list:

$ pyocd list
  #   Probe                        Unique ID                                         
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  0   LPCXpresso55S69 [lpc55s69]   02360b000d96e4fc00000000000000000000000097969905  

LPC55S28 on Gemini carrier board

Note that the RickLink running on the LPCXpresso55S69 can also be used as the debugger for the LPC55S28 on the Gemini carrier board. To do this, first, follow all of the instructions above to get RickLink onto your LPCXpresso55S69. Then:

1. Using a soldering iron, solder a two-pin header on J5. J5 can be be found to the left of P1 and below the "Debugger" jumper (J3).

2. Put a jumper on the new header

3. Move the "Debugger" jumper (J3) to "Ext".

4. Use a SWD cable (10-pin 2x5 1.27mm pitch cable) to connect the SWD on the LPCXpresso55S69 to the SWD underneath the carrier board on Gemini (J202)

(To allow your RickLink to once again debug its local LPC55S69, remove the jumper on J5 and move J3 to "Loc".)

ST Nucleo-H743ZI2 board

• Terminal 1: cd app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo; openocd
• Terminal 2: cargo xtask gdb app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/app-h743.toml app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/openocd.gdb

ST Nucleo-H753ZI board

• Terminal 1: cd app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo; openocd
• Terminal 2: cargo xtask gdb app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/app-h753.toml app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/openocd.gdb

ST STM32H7B3I-DK board

• Terminal 1: cd app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo; openocd
• Terminal 2: cargo xtask gdb app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/app-h7b3.toml app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/openocd.gdb

Multiple boards simultaneously

If multiple probes are attached, tools may struggle to find the right one at the right time. In particular, OpenOCD will pick the first one that it finds; to force OpenOCD to pick a particular probe, you can ascertain the serial number of the probe (e.g., from humility probe) and then specify that serial number in the corresponding openocd.cfg by adding, e.g.:

interface hla
hla_serial 271828182845904523536028

(Where 271828182845904523536028 is the serial number of the probe.)

Update ST-Link Firmware if necessary

It is common that debugging dongles, and development boards with embedded debug hardware like the Nucleo series, are delivered with older firmware.

You will not be able to use Humilty with outdated ST-Link firmware. Humility will tell you this is the case, for example when attempting to use humility test:

...
Warn : Adding extra erase range, 0x08020060 .. 0x0803ffff
** Programming Finished **
** Verify Started **
** Verified OK **
** Resetting Target **
humility: test failed: The firmware on the probe is outdated
Error: test failed

Follow this "ST-LINK firmware upgrade" link to find software and instructions necessary to install current firmware.

Flash

An image within a Hubris archive can be flashed directly onto a target board by running cargo xtask flash and specifying the appropriate TOML file. This will run cargo xtask dist and then execute the appropriate command (either OpenOCD or pyOCD) to flash the image; the exact invocation depends on the board:

• LPCXpresso55S69: cargo xtask flash app/lpc55xpresso/app.toml
• STM32F4 Discovery board: cargo xtask flash app/demo-stm32f4-discovery/app.toml
• ST Nucleo-H743ZI2 board: cargo xtask flash app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/app-h743.toml
• ST Nucleo-H753ZI board: cargo xtask flash app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/app-h753.toml
• ST STM32H7B3I-DK board: cargo xtask flash app/demo-stm32h7-nucleo/app-h7b3.toml
• Gemini bringup board: cargo xtask flash app/gemini-bu/app.toml

Debug

The Hubris debugger, Humility, is run in situ by specifying an archive on a directly connected board, or postmortem by specifying a dump. As a convenience for development, Humility can also be run in situ by specifying the appropriate TOML, e.g. on a machine with an STM32F4 Discovery board directly attached:

$ cargo xtask humility app/demo-stm32f4-discovery/app.toml tasks
    Finished dev [optimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.17s
     Running `target/debug/xtask humility demo/app.toml tasks`
humility: attached via ST-Link
ID ADDR     TASK               GEN STATE    
 0 20000108 jefe                 0 Healthy(InRecv(None))     
 1 20000178 rcc_driver           0 Healthy(InRecv(None))     
 2 200001e8 usart_driver         0 Healthy(InRecv(None))     
 3 20000258 user_leds            0 Healthy(Runnable)          <-
 4 200002c8 ping                48 Healthy(Runnable)         
 5 20000338 pong                 0 Healthy(InRecv(None))     
 6 200003a8 idle                 0 Healthy(Runnable)         

Testing

The Hubris kernel is tested with a dedicated test image that includes a test runner, assistant and test suite. The test image emits its results via ITM. While these results can be interpreted manually, humility test automates this. humility test itself is most easily run via cargo xtask test, which runs the equivalent of cargo xtask dist, cargo xtask flash and cargo xtask humility test. The exact invocation depends on the board:

• LPCXpresso55S69: cargo xtask test test test/tests-lpc55/app.toml
• STM32F3 Discovery board: cargo xtask test test/tests-stm32fx/app-f3.toml
  Note: for this board, SB10 must be soldered closed for ITM to work
• STM32F4 Discovery board: cargo xtask test test/tests-stm32fx/app.toml
• ST Nucleo-H743ZI2 board: cargo xtask test test/tests-stm32h7/app-h743.toml
• ST Nucleo-H753ZI board: cargo xtask test test/tests-stm32h7/app-h753.toml
• ST STM32H7B3I-DK board: cargo xtask test test/tests-stm32h7/app-h7b3.toml

Note: cargo xtask humility test runs OpenOCD to connect to the device. You must exit any other instances of OpenOCD that you have connected to the device before running tests.

See the documentation for humility test for details on test results.

Debugging tests

Output from tests is captured by humility test; sys_log!() calls to tests can be added and then captured in a humility test dump. To capture a dump from tests that are otherwise passing, use cargo xtask humility directly and pass the -d flag, e.g.:

$ cargo xtask humility test/tests-stm32fx/app.toml -- test -d
...
humility: attached via ST-Link
humility: TPIU sync packet found at offset 1
humility: ITM synchronization packet found at offset 12
humility: expecting 22 cases
humility: running test_send ... ok
...
humility: running test_timer_notify ... ok
humility: running test_timer_notify_past ... ok
humility: tests completed: pass
humility: test output dumped to hubris.testout.2

if one needs to both run GDB and the test suite, use cargo xtask gdb with the test image's TOML and the appropriate GDB file, and then place breakpoints at the test of interest.

Adding a task

To create your own task, the easiest method is:

• Copy task/template to a new name.
• Edit its Cargo.toml with your name and a new package name.
• Add it to the list of workspace members in the root Cargo.toml.
• Add it to a system image by editing an app.toml file.
• Run cargo xtask build to compile it.

A typical app.toml entry for a small task that uses no memory-mapped peripherals would read

[tasks.name_for_task_in_this_image]
path = "../my-task-directory"
name = "my-task-target-name"
priority = 1
requires = {flash = 1024, ram = 1024}
start = true

Iterating

Because a full image build can take 10 seconds or more, depending on what you've changed, when you're iterating on a task or kernel you'll probably want to build it separately. This is what cargo xtask build is for.

For instance, to build task-ping as it would be built in one of the images, but without building the rest of the demo, run:

$ cargo xtask build app/gimletlet/app.toml ping