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afl-tmin.c
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/*
american fuzzy lop++ - test case minimizer
------------------------------------------
Originally written by Michal Zalewski
Forkserver design by Jann Horn <[email protected]>
Now maintained by Marc Heuse <[email protected]>,
Heiko Eißfeldt <[email protected]> and
Andrea Fioraldi <[email protected]> and
Dominik Maier <[email protected]>
Copyright 2016, 2017 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2019-2023 AFLplusplus Project. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at:
https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
A simple test case minimizer that takes an input file and tries to remove
as much data as possible while keeping the binary in a crashing state
*or* producing consistent instrumentation output (the mode is auto-selected
based on the initially observed behavior).
*/
#define AFL_MAIN
#include "config.h"
#include "types.h"
#include "debug.h"
#include "alloc-inl.h"
#include "hash.h"
#include "forkserver.h"
#include "sharedmem.h"
#include "common.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#ifndef USEMMAP
#include <sys/shm.h>
#endif
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
static u8 *mask_bitmap; /* Mask for trace bits (-B) */
static u8 *in_file, /* Minimizer input test case */
*out_file, *output_file; /* Minimizer output file */
static u8 *in_data; /* Input data for trimming */
static u32 in_len, /* Input data length */
missed_hangs, /* Misses due to hangs */
missed_crashes, /* Misses due to crashes */
missed_paths, /* Misses due to exec path diffs */
map_size = MAP_SIZE;
static u64 orig_cksum; /* Original checksum */
static u8 crash_mode, /* Crash-centric mode? */
hang_mode, /* Minimize as long as it hangs */
exit_crash, /* Treat non-zero exit as crash? */
edges_only, /* Ignore hit counts? */
exact_mode, /* Require path match for crashes? */
remove_out_file, /* remove out_file on exit? */
remove_shm = 1, /* remove shmem on exit? */
debug; /* debug mode */
static volatile u8 stop_soon; /* Ctrl-C pressed? */
static afl_forkserver_t *fsrv;
static sharedmem_t shm;
static sharedmem_t *shm_fuzz;
/*
* forkserver section
*/
/* Classify tuple counts. This is a slow & naive version, but good enough here.
*/
static const u8 count_class_lookup[256] = {
[0] = 0,
[1] = 1,
[2] = 2,
[3] = 4,
[4 ... 7] = 8,
[8 ... 15] = 16,
[16 ... 31] = 32,
[32 ... 127] = 64,
[128 ... 255] = 128
};
static void kill_child() {
if (fsrv->child_pid > 0) {
kill(fsrv->child_pid, fsrv->child_kill_signal);
fsrv->child_pid = -1;
}
}
static sharedmem_t *deinit_shmem(afl_forkserver_t *fsrv,
sharedmem_t *shm_fuzz) {
afl_shm_deinit(shm_fuzz);
fsrv->support_shmem_fuzz = 0;
fsrv->shmem_fuzz_len = NULL;
fsrv->shmem_fuzz = NULL;
ck_free(shm_fuzz);
return NULL;
}
/* Apply mask to classified bitmap (if set). */
static void apply_mask(u32 *mem, u32 *mask) {
u32 i = (map_size >> 2);
if (!mask) { return; }
while (i--) {
*mem &= ~*mask;
mem++;
mask++;
}
}
static void classify_counts(afl_forkserver_t *fsrv) {
u8 *mem = fsrv->trace_bits;
u32 i = map_size;
if (edges_only) {
while (i--) {
if (*mem) { *mem = 1; }
mem++;
}
} else {
while (i--) {
*mem = count_class_lookup[*mem];
mem++;
}
}
}
/* See if any bytes are set in the bitmap. */
static inline u8 anything_set(afl_forkserver_t *fsrv) {
u32 *ptr = (u32 *)fsrv->trace_bits;
u32 i = (map_size >> 2);
while (i--) {
if (*(ptr++)) { return 1; }
}
return 0;
}
static void at_exit_handler(void) {
if (remove_shm) {
if (shm.map) afl_shm_deinit(&shm);
if (fsrv->use_shmem_fuzz) deinit_shmem(fsrv, shm_fuzz);
}
afl_fsrv_killall();
if (remove_out_file) unlink(out_file);
}
/* Read initial file. */
static void read_initial_file(void) {
struct stat st;
s32 fd = open(in_file, O_RDONLY);
if (fd < 0) { PFATAL("Unable to open '%s'", in_file); }
if (fstat(fd, &st) || !st.st_size) { FATAL("Zero-sized input file."); }
if (st.st_size >= TMIN_MAX_FILE) {
FATAL("Input file is too large (%ld MB max)", TMIN_MAX_FILE / 1024 / 1024);
}
in_len = st.st_size;
in_data = ck_alloc_nozero(in_len);
ck_read(fd, in_data, in_len, in_file);
close(fd);
OKF("Read %u byte%s from '%s'.", in_len, in_len == 1 ? "" : "s", in_file);
}
/* Write output file. */
static s32 write_to_file(u8 *path, u8 *mem, u32 len) {
s32 ret;
unlink(path); /* Ignore errors */
ret = open(path, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, DEFAULT_PERMISSION);
if (ret < 0) { PFATAL("Unable to create '%s'", path); }
ck_write(ret, mem, len, path);
lseek(ret, 0, SEEK_SET);
return ret;
}
/* Execute target application. Returns 0 if the changes are a dud, or
1 if they should be kept. */
static u8 tmin_run_target(afl_forkserver_t *fsrv, u8 *mem, u32 len,
u8 first_run) {
afl_fsrv_write_to_testcase(fsrv, mem, len);
fsrv_run_result_t ret =
afl_fsrv_run_target(fsrv, fsrv->exec_tmout, &stop_soon);
if (ret == FSRV_RUN_ERROR) { FATAL("Couldn't run child"); }
if (stop_soon) {
SAYF(cRST cLRD "\n+++ Minimization aborted by user +++\n" cRST);
close(write_to_file(output_file, in_data, in_len));
exit(1);
}
/* Always discard inputs that time out, unless we are in hang mode */
if (hang_mode) {
switch (ret) {
case FSRV_RUN_TMOUT:
return 1;
case FSRV_RUN_CRASH:
missed_crashes++;
return 0;
default:
missed_hangs++;
return 0;
}
}
classify_counts(fsrv);
apply_mask((u32 *)fsrv->trace_bits, (u32 *)mask_bitmap);
if (ret == FSRV_RUN_TMOUT) {
missed_hangs++;
return 0;
}
/* Handle crashing inputs depending on current mode. */
if (ret == FSRV_RUN_CRASH) {
if (first_run) { crash_mode = 1; }
if (crash_mode) {
if (!exact_mode) { return 1; }
} else {
missed_crashes++;
return 0;
}
} else {
/* Handle non-crashing inputs appropriately. */
if (crash_mode) {
missed_paths++;
return 0;
}
}
if (ret == FSRV_RUN_NOINST) { FATAL("Binary not instrumented?"); }
u64 cksum = hash64(fsrv->trace_bits, fsrv->map_size, HASH_CONST);
if (first_run) { orig_cksum = cksum; }
if (orig_cksum == cksum) { return 1; }
missed_paths++;
return 0;
}
/* Actually minimize! */
static void minimize(afl_forkserver_t *fsrv) {
static u32 alpha_map[256];
u8 *tmp_buf = ck_alloc_nozero(in_len);
u32 orig_len = in_len, stage_o_len;
u32 del_len, set_len, del_pos, set_pos, i, alpha_size, cur_pass = 0;
u32 syms_removed, alpha_del0 = 0, alpha_del1, alpha_del2, alpha_d_total = 0;
u8 changed_any, prev_del;
/***********************
* BLOCK NORMALIZATION *
***********************/
set_len = next_pow2(in_len / TMIN_SET_STEPS);
set_pos = 0;
if (set_len < TMIN_SET_MIN_SIZE) { set_len = TMIN_SET_MIN_SIZE; }
ACTF(cBRI "Stage #0: " cRST "One-time block normalization...");
while (set_pos < in_len) {
u32 use_len = MIN(set_len, in_len - set_pos);
for (i = 0; i < use_len; i++) {
if (in_data[set_pos + i] != '0') { break; }
}
if (i != use_len) {
memcpy(tmp_buf, in_data, in_len);
memset(tmp_buf + set_pos, '0', use_len);
u8 res;
res = tmin_run_target(fsrv, tmp_buf, in_len, 0);
if (res) {
memset(in_data + set_pos, '0', use_len);
/* changed_any = 1; value is not used */
alpha_del0 += use_len;
}
}
set_pos += set_len;
}
alpha_d_total += alpha_del0;
OKF("Block normalization complete, %u byte%s replaced.", alpha_del0,
alpha_del0 == 1 ? "" : "s");
next_pass:
ACTF(cYEL "--- " cBRI "Pass #%u " cYEL "---", ++cur_pass);
changed_any = 0;
/******************
* BLOCK DELETION *
******************/
del_len = next_pow2(in_len / TRIM_START_STEPS);
stage_o_len = in_len;
ACTF(cBRI "Stage #1: " cRST "Removing blocks of data...");
next_del_blksize:
if (!del_len) { del_len = 1; }
del_pos = 0;
prev_del = 1;
SAYF(cGRA " Block length = %u, remaining size = %u\n" cRST, del_len,
in_len);
while (del_pos < in_len) {
u8 res;
s32 tail_len;
tail_len = in_len - del_pos - del_len;
if (tail_len < 0) { tail_len = 0; }
/* If we have processed at least one full block (initially, prev_del == 1),
and we did so without deleting the previous one, and we aren't at the
very end of the buffer (tail_len > 0), and the current block is the same
as the previous one... skip this step as a no-op. */
if (!prev_del && tail_len &&
!memcmp(in_data + del_pos - del_len, in_data + del_pos, del_len)) {
del_pos += del_len;
continue;
}
prev_del = 0;
/* Head */
memcpy(tmp_buf, in_data, del_pos);
/* Tail */
memcpy(tmp_buf + del_pos, in_data + del_pos + del_len, tail_len);
res = tmin_run_target(fsrv, tmp_buf, del_pos + tail_len, 0);
if (res) {
memcpy(in_data, tmp_buf, del_pos + tail_len);
prev_del = 1;
in_len = del_pos + tail_len;
changed_any = 1;
} else {
del_pos += del_len;
}
}
if (del_len > 1 && in_len >= 1) {
del_len /= 2;
goto next_del_blksize;
}
OKF("Block removal complete, %u bytes deleted.", stage_o_len - in_len);
if (!in_len && changed_any) {
WARNF(cLRD
"Down to zero bytes - check the command line and mem limit!" cRST);
}
if (cur_pass > 1 && !changed_any) { goto finalize_all; }
/*************************
* ALPHABET MINIMIZATION *
*************************/
alpha_size = 0;
alpha_del1 = 0;
syms_removed = 0;
memset(alpha_map, 0, sizeof(alpha_map));
for (i = 0; i < in_len; i++) {
if (!alpha_map[in_data[i]]) { alpha_size++; }
alpha_map[in_data[i]]++;
}
ACTF(cBRI "Stage #2: " cRST "Minimizing symbols (%u code point%s)...",
alpha_size, alpha_size == 1 ? "" : "s");
for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
u32 r;
u8 res;
if (i == '0' || !alpha_map[i]) { continue; }
memcpy(tmp_buf, in_data, in_len);
for (r = 0; r < in_len; r++) {
if (tmp_buf[r] == i) { tmp_buf[r] = '0'; }
}
res = tmin_run_target(fsrv, tmp_buf, in_len, 0);
if (res) {
memcpy(in_data, tmp_buf, in_len);
syms_removed++;
alpha_del1 += alpha_map[i];
changed_any = 1;
}
}
alpha_d_total += alpha_del1;
OKF("Symbol minimization finished, %u symbol%s (%u byte%s) replaced.",
syms_removed, syms_removed == 1 ? "" : "s", alpha_del1,
alpha_del1 == 1 ? "" : "s");
/**************************
* CHARACTER MINIMIZATION *
**************************/
alpha_del2 = 0;
ACTF(cBRI "Stage #3: " cRST "Character minimization...");
memcpy(tmp_buf, in_data, in_len);
for (i = 0; i < in_len; i++) {
u8 res, orig = tmp_buf[i];
if (orig == '0') { continue; }
tmp_buf[i] = '0';
res = tmin_run_target(fsrv, tmp_buf, in_len, 0);
if (res) {
in_data[i] = '0';
alpha_del2++;
changed_any = 1;
} else {
tmp_buf[i] = orig;
}
}
alpha_d_total += alpha_del2;
OKF("Character minimization done, %u byte%s replaced.", alpha_del2,
alpha_del2 == 1 ? "" : "s");
if (changed_any) { goto next_pass; }
finalize_all:
if (tmp_buf) { ck_free(tmp_buf); }
if (hang_mode) {
SAYF("\n" cGRA " File size reduced by : " cRST
"%0.02f%% (to %u byte%s)\n" cGRA " Characters simplified : " cRST
"%0.02f%%\n" cGRA " Number of execs done : " cRST "%llu\n" cGRA
" Fruitless execs : " cRST "termination=%u crash=%u\n\n",
100 - ((double)in_len) * 100 / orig_len, in_len,
in_len == 1 ? "" : "s",
((double)(alpha_d_total)) * 100 / (in_len ? in_len : 1),
fsrv->total_execs, missed_paths, missed_crashes);
return;
}
SAYF("\n" cGRA " File size reduced by : " cRST
"%0.02f%% (to %u byte%s)\n" cGRA " Characters simplified : " cRST
"%0.02f%%\n" cGRA " Number of execs done : " cRST "%llu\n" cGRA
" Fruitless execs : " cRST "path=%u crash=%u hang=%s%u\n\n",
100 - ((double)in_len) * 100 / orig_len, in_len, in_len == 1 ? "" : "s",
((double)(alpha_d_total)) * 100 / (in_len ? in_len : 1),
fsrv->total_execs, missed_paths, missed_crashes,
missed_hangs ? cLRD : "", missed_hangs);
if (fsrv->total_execs > 50 && missed_hangs * 10 > fsrv->total_execs &&
!hang_mode) {
WARNF(cLRD "Frequent timeouts - results may be skewed." cRST);
}
}
/* Handle Ctrl-C and the like. */
static void handle_stop_sig(int sig) {
(void)sig;
stop_soon = 1;
afl_fsrv_killall();
}
/* Do basic preparations - persistent fds, filenames, etc. */
static void set_up_environment(afl_forkserver_t *fsrv, char **argv) {
u8 *x;
char *afl_preload;
char *frida_afl_preload = NULL;
fsrv->dev_null_fd = open("/dev/null", O_RDWR);
if (fsrv->dev_null_fd < 0) { PFATAL("Unable to open /dev/null"); }
if (!out_file) {
u8 *use_dir = ".";
if (access(use_dir, R_OK | W_OK | X_OK)) {
use_dir = get_afl_env("TMPDIR");
if (!use_dir) { use_dir = "/tmp"; }
}
out_file = alloc_printf("%s/.afl-tmin-temp-%u", use_dir, (u32)getpid());
remove_out_file = 1;
}
unlink(out_file);
fsrv->out_file = out_file;
fsrv->out_fd = open(out_file, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, DEFAULT_PERMISSION);
if (fsrv->out_fd < 0) { PFATAL("Unable to create '%s'", out_file); }
/* Set sane defaults... */
x = get_afl_env("MSAN_OPTIONS");
if (x) {
if (!strstr(x, "exit_code=" STRINGIFY(MSAN_ERROR))) {
FATAL("Custom MSAN_OPTIONS set without exit_code=" STRINGIFY(
MSAN_ERROR) " - please fix!");
}
}
set_sanitizer_defaults();
if (get_afl_env("AFL_PRELOAD")) {
if (fsrv->qemu_mode) {
/* afl-qemu-trace takes care of converting AFL_PRELOAD. */
} else if (fsrv->frida_mode) {
afl_preload = getenv("AFL_PRELOAD");
u8 *frida_binary = find_afl_binary(argv[0], "afl-frida-trace.so");
if (afl_preload) {
frida_afl_preload = alloc_printf("%s:%s", afl_preload, frida_binary);
} else {
frida_afl_preload = alloc_printf("%s", frida_binary);
}
ck_free(frida_binary);
setenv("LD_PRELOAD", frida_afl_preload, 1);
setenv("DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES", frida_afl_preload, 1);
} else {
/* CoreSight mode uses the default behavior. */
setenv("LD_PRELOAD", getenv("AFL_PRELOAD"), 1);
setenv("DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES", getenv("AFL_PRELOAD"), 1);
}
} else if (fsrv->frida_mode) {
u8 *frida_binary = find_afl_binary(argv[0], "afl-frida-trace.so");
setenv("LD_PRELOAD", frida_binary, 1);
setenv("DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES", frida_binary, 1);
ck_free(frida_binary);
}
if (frida_afl_preload) { ck_free(frida_afl_preload); }
}
/* Setup signal handlers, duh. */
static void setup_signal_handlers(void) {
struct sigaction sa;
sa.sa_handler = NULL;
#ifdef SA_RESTART
sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
#else
sa.sa_flags = 0;
#endif
sa.sa_sigaction = NULL;
sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
/* Various ways of saying "stop". */
sa.sa_handler = handle_stop_sig;
sigaction(SIGHUP, &sa, NULL);
sigaction(SIGINT, &sa, NULL);
sigaction(SIGTERM, &sa, NULL);
}
/* Display usage hints. */
static void usage(u8 *argv0) {
SAYF(
"\n%s [ options ] -- /path/to/target_app [ ... ]\n\n"
"Required parameters:\n"
" -i file - input test case to be shrunk by the tool\n"
" -o file - final output location for the minimized data\n\n"
"Execution control settings:\n"
" -f file - input file read by the tested program (stdin)\n"
" -t msec - timeout for each run (%u ms)\n"
" -m megs - memory limit for child process (%u MB)\n"
#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__aarch64__)
" -A - use binary-only instrumentation (ARM CoreSight mode)\n"
#endif
" -O - use binary-only instrumentation (FRIDA mode)\n"
#if defined(__linux__)
" -Q - use binary-only instrumentation (QEMU mode)\n"
" -U - use unicorn-based instrumentation (Unicorn mode)\n"
" -W - use qemu-based instrumentation with Wine (Wine "
"mode)\n"
" (Not necessary, here for consistency with other afl-* "
"tools)\n"
" -X - use Nyx mode\n"
#endif
"\n"
"Minimization settings:\n"
" -e - solve for edge coverage only, ignore hit counts\n"
" -x - treat non-zero exit codes as crashes\n\n"
" -H - minimize a hang (hang mode)\n"
"For additional tips, please consult %s/README.md.\n\n"
"Environment variables used:\n"
"AFL_CRASH_EXITCODE: optional child exit code to be interpreted as crash\n"
"AFL_FORKSRV_INIT_TMOUT: time spent waiting for forkserver during startup (in ms)\n"
"AFL_KILL_SIGNAL: Signal ID delivered to child processes on timeout, etc.\n"
" (default: SIGKILL)\n"
"AFL_FORK_SERVER_KILL_SIGNAL: Kill signal for the fork server on termination\n"
" (default: SIGTERM). If unset and AFL_KILL_SIGNAL is\n"
" set, that value will be used.\n"
"AFL_MAP_SIZE: the shared memory size for that target. must be >= the size\n"
" the target was compiled for\n"
"AFL_PRELOAD: LD_PRELOAD / DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES settings for target\n"
"AFL_TMIN_EXACT: require execution paths to match for crashing inputs\n"
"AFL_NO_FORKSRV: run target via execve instead of using the forkserver\n"
"ASAN_OPTIONS: custom settings for ASAN\n"
" (must contain abort_on_error=1 and symbolize=0)\n"
"MSAN_OPTIONS: custom settings for MSAN\n"
" (must contain exitcode="STRINGIFY(MSAN_ERROR)" and symbolize=0)\n"
"TMPDIR: directory to use for temporary input files\n",
argv0, EXEC_TIMEOUT, MEM_LIMIT, doc_path);
exit(1);
}
/* Main entry point */
int main(int argc, char **argv_orig, char **envp) {
s32 opt;
u8 mem_limit_given = 0, timeout_given = 0, unicorn_mode = 0, use_wine = 0;
char **use_argv;
char **argv = argv_cpy_dup(argc, argv_orig);
afl_forkserver_t fsrv_var = {0};
if (getenv("AFL_DEBUG")) { debug = 1; }
fsrv = &fsrv_var;
afl_fsrv_init(fsrv);
map_size = get_map_size();
fsrv->map_size = map_size;
doc_path = access(DOC_PATH, F_OK) ? "docs" : DOC_PATH;
SAYF(cCYA "afl-tmin" VERSION cRST " by Michal Zalewski\n");
while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "+i:o:f:m:t:B:xeAOQUWXYHh")) > 0) {
switch (opt) {
case 'i':
if (in_file) { FATAL("Multiple -i options not supported"); }
in_file = optarg;
break;
case 'o':
if (output_file) { FATAL("Multiple -o options not supported"); }
output_file = optarg;
break;
case 'f':
if (out_file) { FATAL("Multiple -f options not supported"); }
fsrv->use_stdin = 0;
out_file = ck_strdup(optarg);
break;
case 'e':
if (edges_only) { FATAL("Multiple -e options not supported"); }
if (hang_mode) {
FATAL("Edges only and hang mode are mutually exclusive.");
}
edges_only = 1;
break;
case 'x':
if (exit_crash) { FATAL("Multiple -x options not supported"); }
exit_crash = 1;
break;
case 'm': {
u8 suffix = 'M';
if (mem_limit_given) { FATAL("Multiple -m options not supported"); }
mem_limit_given = 1;
if (!optarg) { FATAL("Wrong usage of -m"); }
if (!strcmp(optarg, "none")) {
fsrv->mem_limit = 0;
break;
}
if (sscanf(optarg, "%llu%c", &fsrv->mem_limit, &suffix) < 1 ||
optarg[0] == '-') {
FATAL("Bad syntax used for -m");
}
switch (suffix) {
case 'T':
fsrv->mem_limit *= 1024 * 1024;
break;
case 'G':
fsrv->mem_limit *= 1024;
break;
case 'k':
fsrv->mem_limit /= 1024;
break;
case 'M':
break;
default:
FATAL("Unsupported suffix or bad syntax for -m");
}
if (fsrv->mem_limit < 5) { FATAL("Dangerously low value of -m"); }
if (sizeof(rlim_t) == 4 && fsrv->mem_limit > 2000) {
FATAL("Value of -m out of range on 32-bit systems");
}
}
break;
case 't':
if (timeout_given) { FATAL("Multiple -t options not supported"); }
timeout_given = 1;
if (!optarg) { FATAL("Wrong usage of -t"); }
fsrv->exec_tmout = atoi(optarg);
if (fsrv->exec_tmout < 10 || optarg[0] == '-') {
FATAL("Dangerously low value of -t");
}
break;
case 'A': /* CoreSight mode */
#if !defined(__aarch64__) || !defined(__linux__)
FATAL("-A option is not supported on this platform");
#endif
if (fsrv->cs_mode) { FATAL("Multiple -A options not supported"); }
fsrv->cs_mode = 1;
break;
case 'O': /* FRIDA mode */
if (fsrv->frida_mode) { FATAL("Multiple -O options not supported"); }
fsrv->frida_mode = 1;
setenv("AFL_FRIDA_INST_SEED", "1", 1);
break;
case 'Q':
if (fsrv->qemu_mode) { FATAL("Multiple -Q options not supported"); }
if (!mem_limit_given) { fsrv->mem_limit = MEM_LIMIT_QEMU; }
fsrv->qemu_mode = 1;
break;
case 'U':
if (unicorn_mode) { FATAL("Multiple -Q options not supported"); }
if (!mem_limit_given) { fsrv->mem_limit = MEM_LIMIT_UNICORN; }
unicorn_mode = 1;
break;
case 'W': /* Wine+QEMU mode */
if (use_wine) { FATAL("Multiple -W options not supported"); }
fsrv->qemu_mode = 1;