daemon.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Nicira, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include <config.h>
#include "daemon.h"
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "command-line.h"
#include "fatal-signal.h"
#include "dirs.h"
#include "lockfile.h"
#include "process.h"
#include "socket-util.h"
#include "timeval.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "vlog.h"

VLOG_DEFINE_THIS_MODULE(daemon);

/* --detach: Should we run in the background? */
static bool detach;             /* Was --detach specified? */
static bool detached;           /* Have we already detached? */

/* --pidfile: Name of pidfile (null if none). */
static char *pidfile;

/* Device and inode of pidfile, so we can avoid reopening it. */
static dev_t pidfile_dev;
static ino_t pidfile_ino;

/* --overwrite-pidfile: Create pidfile even if one already exists and is
   locked? */
static bool overwrite_pidfile;

/* --no-chdir: Should we chdir to "/"? */
static bool chdir_ = true;

/* File descriptor used by daemonize_start() and daemonize_complete(). */
static int daemonize_fd = -1;

/* --monitor: Should a supervisory process monitor the daemon and restart it if
 * it dies due to an error signal? */
static bool monitor;

/* For each of the standard file descriptors, whether to replace it by
 * /dev/null (if false) or keep it for the daemon to use (if true). */
static bool save_fds[3];

static void check_already_running(void);
static int lock_pidfile(FILE *, int command);

/* Returns the file name that would be used for a pidfile if 'name' were
 * provided to set_pidfile().  The caller must free the returned string. */
char *
make_pidfile_name(const char *name)
{
    return (!name
            ? xasprintf("%s/%s.pid", ovs_rundir(), program_name)
            : abs_file_name(ovs_rundir(), name));
}

/* Sets up a following call to daemonize() to create a pidfile named 'name'.
 * If 'name' begins with '/', then it is treated as an absolute path.
 * Otherwise, it is taken relative to RUNDIR, which is $(prefix)/var/run by
 * default.
 *
 * If 'name' is null, then program_name followed by ".pid" is used. */
void
set_pidfile(const char *name)
{
    free(pidfile);
    pidfile = make_pidfile_name(name);
}

/* Returns an absolute path to the configured pidfile, or a null pointer if no
 * pidfile is configured.  The caller must not modify or free the returned
 * string. */
const char *
get_pidfile(void)
{
    return pidfile;
}

/* Sets that we do not chdir to "/". */
void
set_no_chdir(void)
{
    chdir_ = false;
}

/* Will we chdir to "/" as part of daemonizing? */
bool
is_chdir_enabled(void)
{
    return chdir_;
}

/* Normally, daemonize() or damonize_start() will terminate the program with a
 * message if a locked pidfile already exists.  If this function is called, an
 * existing pidfile will be replaced, with a warning. */
void
ignore_existing_pidfile(void)
{
    overwrite_pidfile = true;
}

/* Sets up a following call to daemonize() to detach from the foreground
 * session, running this process in the background.  */
void
set_detach(void)
{
    detach = true;
}

/* Will daemonize() really detach? */
bool
get_detach(void)
{
    return detach;
}

/* Sets up a following call to daemonize() to fork a supervisory process to
 * monitor the daemon and restart it if it dies due to an error signal.  */
void
daemon_set_monitor(void)
{
    monitor = true;
}

/* A daemon doesn't normally have any use for the file descriptors for stdin,
 * stdout, and stderr after it detaches.  To keep these file descriptors from
 * e.g. holding an SSH session open, by default detaching replaces each of
 * these file descriptors by /dev/null.  But a few daemons expect the user to
 * redirect stdout or stderr to a file, in which case it is desirable to keep
 * these file descriptors.  This function, therefore, disables replacing 'fd'
 * by /dev/null when the daemon detaches. */
void
daemon_save_fd(int fd)
{
    ovs_assert(fd == STDIN_FILENO ||
               fd == STDOUT_FILENO ||
               fd == STDERR_FILENO);
    save_fds[fd] = true;
}

/* Unregisters pidfile from being unlinked when the program terminates via
* exit() or a fatal signal. */
void
remove_pidfile_from_unlink(void)
{
    if (pidfile) {
        fatal_signal_remove_file_to_unlink(pidfile);
    }
}

/* Registers pidfile to be unlinked when the program terminates via exit() or a
 * fatal signal. */
void
add_pidfile_to_unlink(void)
{
    if (pidfile) {
        fatal_signal_add_file_to_unlink(pidfile);
    }
}

/* If a pidfile has been configured, creates it and stores the running
 * process's pid in it.  Ensures that the pidfile will be deleted when the
 * process exits. */
static void
make_pidfile(void)
{
    long int pid = getpid();
    struct stat s;
    char *tmpfile;
    FILE *file;
    int error;

    /* Create a temporary pidfile. */
    if (overwrite_pidfile) {
        tmpfile = xasprintf("%s.tmp%ld", pidfile, pid);
        fatal_signal_add_file_to_unlink(tmpfile);
    } else {
        /* Everyone shares the same file which will be treated as a lock.  To
         * avoid some uncomfortable race conditions, we can't set up the fatal
         * signal unlink until we've acquired it. */
        tmpfile = xasprintf("%s.tmp", pidfile);
    }

    file = fopen(tmpfile, "a+");
    if (!file) {
        VLOG_FATAL("%s: create failed (%s)", tmpfile, strerror(errno));
    }

    error = lock_pidfile(file, F_SETLK);
    if (error) {
        /* Looks like we failed to acquire the lock.  Note that, if we failed
         * for some other reason (and '!overwrite_pidfile'), we will have
         * left 'tmpfile' as garbage in the file system. */
        VLOG_FATAL("%s: fcntl(F_SETLK) failed (%s)", tmpfile, strerror(error));
    }

    if (!overwrite_pidfile) {
        /* We acquired the lock.  Make sure to clean up on exit, and verify
         * that we're allowed to create the actual pidfile. */
        fatal_signal_add_file_to_unlink(tmpfile);
        check_already_running();
    }

    if (fstat(fileno(file), &s) == -1) {
        VLOG_FATAL("%s: fstat failed (%s)", tmpfile, strerror(errno));
    }

    if (ftruncate(fileno(file), 0) == -1) {
        VLOG_FATAL("%s: truncate failed (%s)", tmpfile, strerror(errno));
    }

    fprintf(file, "%ld\n", pid);
    if (fflush(file) == EOF) {
        VLOG_FATAL("%s: write failed (%s)", tmpfile, strerror(errno));
    }

    error = rename(tmpfile, pidfile);

    /* Due to a race, 'tmpfile' may be owned by a different process, so we
     * shouldn't delete it on exit. */
    fatal_signal_remove_file_to_unlink(tmpfile);

    if (error < 0) {
        VLOG_FATAL("failed to rename \"%s\" to \"%s\" (%s)",
                   tmpfile, pidfile, strerror(errno));
    }

    /* Ensure that the pidfile will get deleted on exit. */
    fatal_signal_add_file_to_unlink(pidfile);

    /* Clean up.
     *
     * We don't close 'file' because its file descriptor must remain open to
     * hold the lock. */
    pidfile_dev = s.st_dev;
    pidfile_ino = s.st_ino;
    free(tmpfile);
}

/* If configured with set_pidfile() or set_detach(), creates the pid file and
 * detaches from the foreground session.  */
void
daemonize(void)
{
    daemonize_start();
    daemonize_complete();
}

/* Calls fork() and on success returns its return value.  On failure, logs an
 * error and exits unsuccessfully.
 *
 * Post-fork, but before returning, this function calls a few other functions
 * that are generally useful if the child isn't planning to exec a new
 * process. */
pid_t
fork_and_clean_up(void)
{
    pid_t pid;

    pid = fork();
    if (pid > 0) {
        /* Running in parent process. */
        fatal_signal_fork();
    } else if (!pid) {
        /* Running in child process. */
        time_postfork();
        lockfile_postfork();
    } else {
        VLOG_FATAL("fork failed (%s)", strerror(errno));
    }

    return pid;
}

/* Forks, then:
 *
 *   - In the parent, waits for the child to signal that it has completed its
 *     startup sequence.  Then stores -1 in '*fdp' and returns the child's pid.
 *
 *   - In the child, stores a fd in '*fdp' and returns 0.  The caller should
 *     pass the fd to fork_notify_startup() after it finishes its startup
 *     sequence.
 *
 * If something goes wrong with the fork, logs a critical error and aborts the
 * process. */
static pid_t
fork_and_wait_for_startup(int *fdp)
{
    int fds[2];
    pid_t pid;

    xpipe(fds);

    pid = fork_and_clean_up();
    if (pid > 0) {
        /* Running in parent process. */
        size_t bytes_read;
        char c;

        close(fds[1]);
        if (read_fully(fds[0], &c, 1, &bytes_read) != 0) {
            int retval;
            int status;

            do {
                retval = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
            } while (retval == -1 && errno == EINTR);

            if (retval == pid) {
                if (WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status)) {
                    /* Child exited with an error.  Convey the same error
                     * to our parent process as a courtesy. */
                    exit(WEXITSTATUS(status));
                } else {
                    char *status_msg = process_status_msg(status);
                    VLOG_FATAL("fork child died before signaling startup (%s)",
                               status_msg);
                }
            } else if (retval < 0) {
                VLOG_FATAL("waitpid failed (%s)", strerror(errno));
            } else {
                NOT_REACHED();
            }
        }
        close(fds[0]);
        *fdp = -1;
    } else if (!pid) {
        /* Running in child process. */
        close(fds[0]);
        *fdp = fds[1];
    }

    return pid;
}

static void
fork_notify_startup(int fd)
{
    if (fd != -1) {
        size_t bytes_written;
        int error;

        error = write_fully(fd, "", 1, &bytes_written);
        if (error) {
            VLOG_FATAL("pipe write failed (%s)", strerror(error));
        }

        close(fd);
    }
}

static bool
should_restart(int status)
{
    if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
        static const int error_signals[] = {
            SIGABRT, SIGALRM, SIGBUS, SIGFPE, SIGILL, SIGPIPE, SIGSEGV,
            SIGXCPU, SIGXFSZ
        };

        size_t i;

        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(error_signals); i++) {
            if (error_signals[i] == WTERMSIG(status)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
    }
    return false;
}

static void
monitor_daemon(pid_t daemon_pid)
{
    /* XXX Should log daemon's stderr output at startup time. */
    time_t last_restart;
    char *status_msg;
    int crashes;

    subprogram_name = "monitor";
    status_msg = xstrdup("healthy");
    last_restart = TIME_MIN;
    crashes = 0;
    for (;;) {
        int retval;
        int status;

        proctitle_set("monitoring pid %lu (%s)",
                      (unsigned long int) daemon_pid, status_msg);

        do {
            retval = waitpid(daemon_pid, &status, 0);
        } while (retval == -1 && errno == EINTR);

        if (retval == -1) {
            VLOG_FATAL("waitpid failed (%s)", strerror(errno));
        } else if (retval == daemon_pid) {
            char *s = process_status_msg(status);
            if (should_restart(status)) {
                free(status_msg);
                status_msg = xasprintf("%d crashes: pid %lu died, %s",
                                       ++crashes,
                                       (unsigned long int) daemon_pid, s);
                free(s);

                if (WCOREDUMP(status)) {
                    /* Disable further core dumps to save disk space. */
                    struct rlimit r;

                    r.rlim_cur = 0;
                    r.rlim_max = 0;
                    if (setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &r) == -1) {
                        VLOG_WARN("failed to disable core dumps: %s",
                                  strerror(errno));
                    }
                }

                /* Throttle restarts to no more than once every 10 seconds. */
                if (time(NULL) < last_restart + 10) {
                    VLOG_WARN("%s, waiting until 10 seconds since last "
                              "restart", status_msg);
                    for (;;) {
                        time_t now = time(NULL);
                        time_t wakeup = last_restart + 10;
                        if (now >= wakeup) {
                            break;
                        }
                        sleep(wakeup - now);
                    }
                }
                last_restart = time(NULL);

                VLOG_ERR("%s, restarting", status_msg);
                daemon_pid = fork_and_wait_for_startup(&daemonize_fd);
                if (!daemon_pid) {
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                VLOG_INFO("pid %lu died, %s, exiting",
                          (unsigned long int) daemon_pid, s);
                free(s);
                exit(0);
            }
        }
    }
    free(status_msg);

    /* Running in new daemon process. */
    proctitle_restore();
    subprogram_name = "";
}

/* Close standard file descriptors (except any that the client has requested we
 * leave open by calling daemon_save_fd()).  If we're started from e.g. an SSH
 * session, then this keeps us from holding that session open artificially. */
static void
close_standard_fds(void)
{
    int null_fd = get_null_fd();
    if (null_fd >= 0) {
        int fd;

        for (fd = 0; fd < 3; fd++) {
            if (!save_fds[fd]) {
                dup2(null_fd, fd);
            }
        }
    }

    /* Disable logging to stderr to avoid wasting CPU time. */
    vlog_set_levels(NULL, VLF_CONSOLE, VLL_OFF);
}

/* If daemonization is configured, then starts daemonization, by forking and
 * returning in the child process.  The parent process hangs around until the
 * child lets it know either that it completed startup successfully (by calling
 * daemon_complete()) or that it failed to start up (by exiting with a nonzero
 * exit code). */
void
daemonize_start(void)
{
    daemonize_fd = -1;

    if (detach) {
        if (fork_and_wait_for_startup(&daemonize_fd) > 0) {
            /* Running in parent process. */
            exit(0);
        }

        /* Running in daemon or monitor process. */
        setsid();
    }

    if (monitor) {
        int saved_daemonize_fd = daemonize_fd;
        pid_t daemon_pid;

        daemon_pid = fork_and_wait_for_startup(&daemonize_fd);
        if (daemon_pid > 0) {
            /* Running in monitor process. */
            fork_notify_startup(saved_daemonize_fd);
            close_standard_fds();
            monitor_daemon(daemon_pid);
        }
        /* Running in daemon process. */
    }

    if (pidfile) {
        make_pidfile();
    }

    /* Make sure that the unixctl commands for vlog get registered in a
     * daemon, even before the first log message. */
    vlog_init();
}

/* If daemonization is configured, then this function notifies the parent
 * process that the child process has completed startup successfully.  It also
 * call daemonize_post_detach().
 *
 * Calling this function more than once has no additional effect. */
void
daemonize_complete(void)
{
    if (pidfile) {
        free(pidfile);
        pidfile = NULL;
    }

    if (!detached) {
        detached = true;

        fork_notify_startup(daemonize_fd);
        daemonize_fd = -1;
        daemonize_post_detach();
    }
}

/* If daemonization is configured, then this function does traditional Unix
 * daemonization behavior: join a new session, chdir to the root (if not
 * disabled), and close the standard file descriptors.
 *
 * It only makes sense to call this function as part of an implementation of a
 * special daemon subprocess.  A normal daemon should just call
 * daemonize_complete(). */
void
daemonize_post_detach(void)
{
    if (detach) {
        if (chdir_) {
            ignore(chdir("/"));
        }
        close_standard_fds();
    }
}

void
daemon_usage(void)
{
    printf(
        "\nDaemon options:\n"
        "  --detach                run in background as daemon\n"
        "  --no-chdir              do not chdir to '/'\n"
        "  --pidfile[=FILE]        create pidfile (default: %s/%s.pid)\n"
        "  --overwrite-pidfile     with --pidfile, start even if already "
                                   "running\n",
        ovs_rundir(), program_name);
}

static int
lock_pidfile__(FILE *file, int command, struct flock *lck)
{
    int error;

    lck->l_type = F_WRLCK;
    lck->l_whence = SEEK_SET;
    lck->l_start = 0;
    lck->l_len = 0;
    lck->l_pid = 0;

    do {
        error = fcntl(fileno(file), command, lck) == -1 ? errno : 0;
    } while (error == EINTR);
    return error;
}

static int
lock_pidfile(FILE *file, int command)
{
    struct flock lck;

    return lock_pidfile__(file, command, &lck);
}

static pid_t
read_pidfile__(const char *pidfile, bool delete_if_stale)
{
    struct stat s, s2;
    struct flock lck;
    char line[128];
    FILE *file;
    int error;

    if ((pidfile_ino || pidfile_dev)
        && !stat(pidfile, &s)
        && s.st_ino == pidfile_ino && s.st_dev == pidfile_dev) {
        /* It's our own pidfile.  We can't afford to open it, because closing
         * *any* fd for a file that a process has locked also releases all the
         * locks on that file.
         *
         * Fortunately, we know the associated pid anyhow: */
        return getpid();
    }

    file = fopen(pidfile, "r+");
    if (!file) {
        if (errno == ENOENT && delete_if_stale) {
            return 0;
        }
        error = errno;
        VLOG_WARN("%s: open: %s", pidfile, strerror(error));
        goto error;
    }

    error = lock_pidfile__(file, F_GETLK, &lck);
    if (error) {
        VLOG_WARN("%s: fcntl: %s", pidfile, strerror(error));
        goto error;
    }
    if (lck.l_type == F_UNLCK) {
        /* pidfile exists but it isn't locked by anyone.  We need to delete it
         * so that a new pidfile can go in its place.  But just calling
         * unlink(pidfile) makes a nasty race: what if someone else unlinks it
         * before we do and then replaces it by a valid pidfile?  We'd unlink
         * their valid pidfile.  We do a little dance to avoid the race, by
         * locking the invalid pidfile.  Only one process can have the invalid
         * pidfile locked, and only that process has the right to unlink it. */
        if (!delete_if_stale) {
            error = ESRCH;
            VLOG_DBG("%s: pid file is stale", pidfile);
            goto error;
        }

        /* Get the lock. */
        error = lock_pidfile(file, F_SETLK);
        if (error) {
            /* We lost a race with someone else doing the same thing. */
            VLOG_WARN("%s: lost race to lock pidfile", pidfile);
            goto error;
        }

        /* Is the file we have locked still named 'pidfile'? */
        if (stat(pidfile, &s) || fstat(fileno(file), &s2)
            || s.st_ino != s2.st_ino || s.st_dev != s2.st_dev) {
            /* No.  We lost a race with someone else who got the lock before
             * us, deleted the pidfile, and closed it (releasing the lock). */
            error = EALREADY;
            VLOG_WARN("%s: lost race to delete pidfile", pidfile);
            goto error;
        }

        /* We won the right to delete the stale pidfile. */
        if (unlink(pidfile)) {
            error = errno;
            VLOG_WARN("%s: failed to delete stale pidfile (%s)",
                      pidfile, strerror(error));
            goto error;
        }
        VLOG_DBG("%s: deleted stale pidfile", pidfile);
        fclose(file);
        return 0;
    }

    if (!fgets(line, sizeof line, file)) {
        if (ferror(file)) {
            error = errno;
            VLOG_WARN("%s: read: %s", pidfile, strerror(error));
        } else {
            error = ESRCH;
            VLOG_WARN("%s: read: unexpected end of file", pidfile);
        }
        goto error;
    }

    if (lck.l_pid != strtoul(line, NULL, 10)) {
        /* The process that has the pidfile locked is not the process that
         * created it.  It must be stale, with the process that has it locked
         * preparing to delete it. */
        error = ESRCH;
        VLOG_WARN("%s: stale pidfile for pid %s being deleted by pid %ld",
                  pidfile, line, (long int) lck.l_pid);
        goto error;
    }

    fclose(file);
    return lck.l_pid;

error:
    if (file) {
        fclose(file);
    }
    return -error;
}

/* Opens and reads a PID from 'pidfile'.  Returns the positive PID if
 * successful, otherwise a negative errno value. */
pid_t
read_pidfile(const char *pidfile)
{
    return read_pidfile__(pidfile, false);
}

/* Checks whether a process with the given 'pidfile' is already running and,
 * if so, aborts.  If 'pidfile' is stale, deletes it. */
static void
check_already_running(void)
{
    long int pid = read_pidfile__(pidfile, true);
    if (pid > 0) {
        VLOG_FATAL("%s: already running as pid %ld, aborting", pidfile, pid);
    } else if (pid < 0) {
        VLOG_FATAL("%s: pidfile check failed (%s), aborting",
                   pidfile, strerror(-pid));
    }
}