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<p><a href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/bfbb5095d8fd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">参考链接</a></p>
<h2 id="前提知识">前提知识</h2>
<h3 id="lspci命令">lspci命令</h3>
<p>加入系统装有1G的RAM，1G以后的物理内存地址空间都是外部设备IO在系统内存地址空间上的映射。/proc/iomem描述了系统中所有的设备I/O在内存地址空间上的映射。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<p>0000:00:1f.1则是一个PCI外设的地址,它以冒号和逗号分隔为4个部分：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>第一个16位表示域</li>
<li>第二个8位表示一个总线编号---每个 PCI域可以拥有最多256个总线</li>
<li>第三个5位表示一 个设备号---每个总线上可支持32个设备</li>
<li>最后3位表示功能号---每个设备上最多可有8种功能</li>
</ol>
<p>lspci没有标明域，但是对于一台PC而言，一般只有一个域（0号域）</p>
<p>单个系统上，插入多个总线是通过桥来完成的。桥是一种用来连接总线的特殊pci外设。所以电脑的PCI系统是一个树形结构。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>lspci怎么看有多少个设备？</p>
<p>数不同的总线上有多少个不同的设备号。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="iommu">IOMMU</h3>
<p>IOMMU可以实现设备的隔离特性。包括设备之间的隔离以及设备和某块内存间的有效隔离。</p>
<h4 id="iommu的隔离粒度">IOMMU的隔离粒度</h4>
<p>IOMMU可以达到设备级的隔离粒度（辨识出每一个PCI设备并进行隔离），但是通常情况下为了达到更好的性能，不需要达到设备级别的隔离。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>比如：相关的<strong>一组设备</strong>可能会使用同一块内存空间。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Group:</strong></p>
<p>所以IOMMU API因此也支持IOMMU group的概念。一个group是一组设备的集合。这组设备隔离于系统的其他设备。group也是VFIO使用的最小粒度。</p>
<p><strong>Container:</strong></p>
<p>虽然group是保证用户访问安全的最小粒度，它并不一定是最好的粒度。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>比如：在使用页表的IOMMU中，可以<strong>在不同group之间共享一组页表</strong>，从而减少平台（减少TLB抖动、减少重复页表）和用户（仅编程一组地址转换）的开销。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>因此，<strong>VFIO</strong>使用了一个container类的概念，一个类可以包括一个或者多个groups。创建一个container很简单，只要打开<code>/dev/vfio/vfio</code>字符设备即可。</p>
<p>没有group的container本身提供的功能很少，用户需要在容器中添加一个group以获得下一级功能，即IOMMU。</p>
<h2 id="什么是vfio">什么是VFIO</h2>
<p>先总结一下IOMMU：许多硬件平台提供DMA和中断重映射功能，以确保I/O设备只在分配给它们的域内访问内存，一般这样的硬件单元称为IOMMU。而不同架构的IOMMU可能提供的接口不同，因此container并未提供统一接口访问IOMMU。</p>
<p>而<strong>VFIO驱动程序是一个与IOMMU具体硬件无关的框架</strong>，可以支持x86架构的VT-D、AMD-Vi，POWER PE，ARM等各种IOMMU硬件架构。有了VFIO，用户态可以以非特权的身份安全地访问pci设备。</p>
<p>注意两个词：1.安全的；2.非特权的。</p>
<p>与VFIO经常做对比的是UIO，UIO也是一个用户空间驱动，但是不受IOMMU的保护，且中断支持有限，并且需要root权限运行。</p>
<p>总结一下：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>VFIO是一个可以安全的把设备I/O、中断、DMA等暴露到用户空间（userspace），从而可以在用户空间完成设备驱动的<strong>框架</strong>。</li>
<li>得益于vfio低开销的用户空间直接设备访问，虚拟机设备分配（device assignment）、高性能应用等可以获得更高的I/O性能。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="vfio的使用">vfio的使用</h2>
<h3 id="准备group">准备group</h3>
<p>一个重要的文件：<code>/dev/vfio/{group}</code>，组的标识，其中<code>{group}</code>是iommu的组号。</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>怎么绑定设备到一个group？--->绑定设备到vfio驱动程序</p></li>
<li><p>一个设备关联到一个group后，用户首先需要标识这个group。</p></li>
</ol>
<h3 id="将group添加到container中">将group添加到container中</h3>
<h3 id="vfio使用示例">vfio使用示例</h3>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>获取设备所属的iommu组号</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> readlink /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:06:0d.0/iommu_group</span></span><br><span class="line">../../../../kernel/iommu_groups/26</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>加载内核模块vfio-pci</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> modprobe vfio-pci</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>绑定设备到vfio驱动上</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> lspci -n -s 0000:06:0d.0 (查看设备的PCI vendor id和device id号)</span></span><br><span class="line">06:0d.0 0401: 1102:0002 (rev 08)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> <span class="built_in">echo</span> 0000:06:0d.0 > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:06:0d.0/driver/unbind</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> <span class="built_in">echo</span> 1102 0002 > /sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/new_id</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：和所绑定设备处在同一个iommu_group下的设备必须同时也绑定到vfio或者不绑定任何驱动</p>
</blockquote></li>
<li><p>此时<code>dev/vfio/{group}</code>已经生成，需要修改<code>/dev/vfio/{group}</code>的owner，并确保它的权限是0666；保证非root用户有读写权限。之前的步骤都需要在root下执行，在此之后可以在非root用户下执行了</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> chown user:user /dev/vfio/26</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="其他链接">其他链接</h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/Documentation/driver-api/vfio.rst" target="_blank" rel="noopener">kernel_doc/vfio</a></p></li>
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