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Linux中的动态库和静态库
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<h2 id="什么是库">什么是库?</h2>
<p>库是写好的现有的,成熟的,可以复用的代码。</p>
<p>本质上来说库是一种可执行代码的二进制形式,可以被操作系统载入内存执行。<strong>库有两种:静态库(.a、.lib)和动态库(.so、.dll)。 windows上对应的是.lib .dll linux上对应的是.a .so</strong></p>
<a id="more"></a>
<h2 id="程序的编译过程">程序的编译过程</h2>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">graph LR;</span><br><span class="line"> 源文件.cpp.h-->预编译;</span><br><span class="line"> 预编译-->编译;</span><br><span class="line"> 编译-->汇编;</span><br><span class="line"> 汇编-->链接;</span><br><span class="line"> .so,.a-->链接;</span><br><span class="line"> 链接-->可执行文件;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>gcc编译的几个选项:</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">g++ -c hellospeak.cpp</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>选项 -c 用来告诉编译器编译源代码但不要执行链接,输出结果为对象文件。文件默认名与源码文件名相同,只是将其后缀变为 .o。</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">g++ hellospeak.cpp speak.cpp -o hellospeak</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>将两个源码文件编译链接成一个单一的可执行程序。</p>
<h2 id="静态库">静态库</h2>
<p>之所以成为【静态库】,<strong>是因为在链接阶段,会将汇编生成的目标文件.o与引用到的库一起链接打包到可执行文件中。因此对应的链接方式称为静态链接。</strong></p>
<p>静态库可以简单看成是<strong>一组目标文件(.o/.obj文件)的集合</strong>。</p>
<p>特点:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>静态库对函数库的链接是放在编译时期完成的。</li>
<li>程序在运行时与函数库再无瓜葛,移植方便。</li>
<li>浪费空间和资源,因为所有相关的目标文件与牵涉到的函数库被链接合成一个可执行文件。</li>
</ol>
<p>命名规则:</p>
<p>Linux静态库命名规范,必须是"lib[your_library_name].a":lib为前缀,中间是静态库名,扩展名为.a。</p>
<p>创建静态库:</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash">将代码文件编译成目标文件.o(StaticMath.o)</span></span><br><span class="line">g++ -c StaticMath.cpp</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash">通过ar工具将目标文件打包成.a静态库文件</span></span><br><span class="line">ar -crv libstaticmath.a StaticMath.o</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash">生成静态库libstaticmath.a</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="动态库">动态库</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>为什么需要动态库?</p>
<p>:空间浪费是静态库的一个问题。</p>
<p>:静态库对程序的更新、部署和发布页会带来麻烦。如果静态库liba.lib更新了,所以使用它的应用程序都需要重新编译、发布给用户(对于玩家来说,可能是一个很小的改动,却导致整个程序重新下载,<strong>全量更新</strong>)。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>动态库在程序编译时并不会被连接到目标代码中,而是在程序运行是才被载入。<strong>不同的应用程序如果调用相同的库,那么在内存里只需要有一份该共享库的实例</strong>,规避了空间浪费问题。动态库在程序运行是才被载入,也解决了静态库对程序的更新、部署和发布页会带来麻烦。用户只需要更新动态库即可,<strong>增量更新</strong>。</p>
<p>特点:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>动态库把对一些库函数的链接载入推迟到程序运行的时期。</li>
<li>可以实现进程之间的资源共享。(因此动态库也称为共享库)</li>
<li>将一些程序升级变得简单。</li>
<li>甚至可以真正做到链接载入完全由程序员在程序代码中控制(<strong>显示调用</strong>)</li>
</ol>
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<div class="post-toc motion-element"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#什么是库"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">什么是库?</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#程序的编译过程"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">程序的编译过程</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#静态库"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">静态库</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#动态库"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">动态库</span></a></li></ol></div>
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