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week3-speaker.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
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<meta name="author" content="謝舒凱 台大語言所">
<meta name="dcterms.date" content="2023-03-12">
<title>語言的邏輯分析 - Week 3 語音的世界 (1)</title>
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</head>
<body class="quarto-light">
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
<h1 class="title">Week 3 語音的世界 (1)</h1>
<div class="quarto-title-authors">
<div class="quarto-title-author">
<div class="quarto-title-author-name">
謝舒凱 台大語言所
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="date">2023-03-12</p>
</section>
<section id="今天的主題" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>今天的主題</h1>
<ul>
<li><p>上次的題目討論</p></li>
<li><p>語音學入門</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<section id="聲音與語言" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>聲音與語言</h1>
</section>
<section id="聲音三要素" class="slide level2">
<h2>聲音三要素</h2>
<p>Sound is a physical phenomenon that can be described in terms of three properties 物理上來說：</p>
<ul>
<li>音量 (大小) loudness 《》 振幅大小</li>
<li>音調 (高低) pitch 《》振動頻率高低</li>
<li>音色 (差異) quality 《》許多正弦波疊合而成的複雜波形</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="聲音無所不在" class="slide level2">
<h2>聲音無所不在</h2>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="http://www.audiomicro.com/free-sound-effects/free-human">(Human) sounds of the world</a></p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://aporee.org/maps/">Sound and Geography</a></p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="語音聲音是什麼" class="slide level2">
<h2>語音（聲音）是什麼？</h2>
<p>Speech Sounds</p>
<ul>
<li>聲音是一種(縱)波：聲帶震動發出聲響，發音位置修飾在口／鼻腔產生共鳴，以空氣為介質，以波的形式傳遞，在耳中的鼓膜震動，訊號傳入大腦解析。</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="speech-sounds-phonemes" class="slide level2">
<h2>Speech Sounds: Phonemes</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>音位（英語：<span class="blue-text">Phoneme</span>），又譯音素，是人類語言中能夠區別意義的最小聲音單位。傳統上用 <strong>Minimal pair</strong> (最小音對) 方法來辨認。</p></li>
<li><p>人類語言中平均的音素數目（大約）是 30（ranging from 141 phonemes in <code>!Xū</code> to 11 phonemes in <code>Pirahā</code>）</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="speech-sounds-some-interesting-facts" class="slide level2">
<h2>Speech Sounds: Some (Interesting) Facts</h2>
<ul>
<li>Vowelless word/sentence in Bella coola (<code>Nuxalk</code>): <a href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/av74640614/?from=search&seid=8899596122082178682">聽看看</a></li>
</ul>
<img data-src="./pics/nuxalk.png" class="r-stretch"></section>
<section id="speech-sounds-applications" class="slide level2">
<h2>Speech Sounds: Applications</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>語音辨識 Speech-to-Text</p></li>
<li><p>語音合成 Text-to-Speech</p></li>
<li><p>多模態 AI 的時代，Speech 可以跟 XXX (melody, emoji, …) 各種互動轉換</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="linguistic-approach" class="slide level2">
<h2>Linguistic approach</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>語音學 (Phonetics)</p>
<ul>
<li>發音學 (Articulatory Phonetics)</li>
<li>語音聲學 (Acoustic Phonetics)</li>
<li>語音聽覺學 (Auditory Phonetics)</li>
</ul></li>
<li><p>音韻學 (Phonology)</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="callout callout-note callout-style-simple">
<div class="callout-body">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-content">
<p>聲與音的詞彙語意差異，已經透漏了古人的語音學觀念。</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="sound-segments" class="slide level2">
<h2>Sound Segments</h2>
<ul>
<li>Knowing a language includes knowing the sounds of that language</li>
<li>Phonetics is the study of speech sounds</li>
<li>We are able to segment a continuous stream of speech into distinct parts and recognize the parts in other words</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="identity-of-speech-sounds" class="slide level2">
<h2>Identity of Speech Sounds</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>Our linguistic knowledge allows us to <em>ignore nonlinguistic differences in speech</em> (such as individual pitch levels, rates of speed, coughs)</p></li>
<li><p>We are capable of making sounds that are not speech sounds in English (but are in other languages)</p>
<ul>
<li>The click tsk that signals disapproval in English is a speech sound in languages such as Zulu.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="identity-of-speech-sounds-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Identity of Speech Sounds</h2>
<p>The science of phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of all the world’s languages</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Acoustic</strong> phonetics: focuses on the physical properties of the sounds of language</li>
<li><strong>Auditory</strong> phonetics: focuses on how listeners perceive the sounds of language</li>
<li><strong>Articulatory</strong> phonetics: focuses on how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="圖示" class="slide level2">
<h2>圖示</h2>
<img data-src="./pics/speech.png" class="r-stretch"></section>
<section id="representing-sounds" class="slide level2">
<h2>Representing Sounds</h2>
<p>怎麼（科學的）描述/表示/轉寫語音？</p>
<ul>
<li>Spelling, or orthography, does not consistently represent the sounds of language. Why?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="some-problems" class="slide level2">
<h2>Some Problems</h2>
<img data-src="./pics/transcription.png" class="r-stretch"></section>
<section id="some-problems-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Some Problems</h2>
<p><img data-src="./pics/trans2.png"> <img data-src="./pics/trans3.png"></p>
</section>
<section id="the-phonetic-alphabet-ipa" class="slide level2">
<h2>The Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</h2>
<p>In 1888 the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was invented in order to have a system in which there was a one-to-one correspondence between each sound in language and each phonetic symbol</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Someone who knows the IPA knows (basically) how to pronounce any word in any language</p>
</blockquote>
<!-- Ref: phonetics.tutorial.pdf (in class folder) -->
</section>
<section id="practice-with-ipa-值得的投資" class="slide level2">
<h2>Practice with IPA (值得的投資)</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.wikiwand.com/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99">IPA Chart</a> <!-- - [For language learners](http://www.languagebasecamp.com/linguistics-for-language-learners-what-is-the-ipa/) --></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/#tab-con-3">Mimic method</a> 用英文來想像發音的位置</p></li>
<li><p><a href="http://www.ipachart.com/">照表發音</a> 是推薦的學習法，但是要先學會表格的意義</p></li>
<li><p>如果妳對發音生理也有興趣，可以參考 <a href="https://enunciate.arts.ubc.ca/linguistics/world-sounds/">Articulatory information with ULTRASOUND-enhanced videos and animations</a></p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="in-class-exercise-1-german" class="slide level2">
<h2>In-class Exercise [1]: German</h2>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German">German IPA -enhanced Pronunciation 101</a></p>
</section>
<section id="in-class-exercise-2-korean" class="slide level2">
<h2>In-class Exercise [2]: Korean</h2>
<p>從微量數據先來試著推敲韓語的發音</p>
<img data-src="./pics/korean.png" class="r-stretch"></section>
<section id="語言系譜資料" class="slide level2">
<h2>語言系譜資料</h2>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://wals.info/">世界語言結構地圖集 (WALS)</a> 涵蓋 2662 種語言、192 種結構特徵</p></li>
<li><p><code>lingtypology</code> (<code>Python</code> 與 <code>R</code> 皆有套件)</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="子音數目分佈" class="slide level2">
<h2>子音數目分佈</h2>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Leaflet.awesome-markers/2.0.2/leaflet.awesome-markers.css"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/python-visualization/folium/folium/templates/leaflet.awesome.rotate.min.css"/>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,
initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" />
<style>
#map_91fc1dd4a5384260ad3ea27070832eef {
position: relative;
width: 100.0%;
height: 100.0%;
left: 0.0%;
top: 0.0%;
}
.leaflet-container { font-size: 1rem; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="folium-map" id="map_91fc1dd4a5384260ad3ea27070832eef" ></div>
<!-- Based on the template from here: https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/gist/talbertc-usgs/18f8901fc98f109f2b71156cf3ac81cd -->
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="//code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/themes/base/jquery-ui.css">
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.js"></script>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.js"></script>
<script>
$(function(){
$("#maplegend0").draggable({
start: function (event, ui) {
$(this).css({
right: "auto",
top: "auto",
bottom: "auto"
});
}
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id='maplegend0' class='maplegend'
style='position: absolute; z-index:9999; border:2px solid grey; background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
border-radius:6px; padding: 10px; font-size:14px; left: 20px; bottom: 40px;'>
<div class='legend-title'>Consonants</div>
<div class='legend-scale'>
<ul class='legend-labels'>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<style type='text/css'>
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text-align: left;
margin-bottom: 5px;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 90%;
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margin-bottom: 5px;
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list-style: none;
margin-left: 0;
line-height: 18px;
margin-bottom: 2px;
}
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display: block;
float: left;
height: 16px;
width: 30px;
margin-right: 5px;
margin-left: 0;
border: 1px solid #999;
}
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