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Upgrading Ceph

You can upgrade daemons in your Ceph cluster while the cluster is online and in service! The upgrade process is relatively simple:

  1. Use ceph-deploy to upgrade the packages for multiple hosts, or login to each host and upgrade the Ceph package manually.
  2. Restart each daemon.
  3. Ensure your cluster is healthy.

Important

Once you upgrade a daemon, you cannot downgrade it.

Certain types of daemons depend upon others. For example, Ceph Metadata Servers and Ceph Object Gateways depend upon Ceph Monitors and Ceph OSD Daemons. We recommend upgrading daemons in this order:

  1. Ceph Monitors (or Ceph OSD Daemons)
  2. Ceph OSD Daemons (or Ceph Monitors)
  3. Ceph Metadata Servers
  4. Ceph Object Gateways

As a general rule, we recommend upgrading all the daemons of a specific type (e.g., all ceph-osd daemons, all ceph-mon daemons, etc.) to ensure that they are all on the same release. We also recommend that you upgrade all the daemons in your cluster before you try to exercise new functionality in a release.

Each release of Ceph may have some additional steps. Refer to the following sections to identify release-specific procedures for your cluster before using the upgrade procedures.

Argonaut to Bobtail

When upgrading from Argonaut to Bobtail, you need to be aware of several things:

  1. Authentication now defaults to ON, but used to default to OFF.
  2. Monitors use a new internal on-wire protocol.
  3. RBD format2 images require upgrading all OSDs before using it.

Ensure that you update package repository paths. For example:

sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list
echo deb http://ceph.com/debian-bobtail/ $(lsb_release -sc) main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list

See the following sections for additional details.

Authentication

The Ceph Bobtail release enables authentication by default. Bobtail also has finer-grained authentication configuration settings. In previous versions of Ceph (i.e., actually v 0.55 and earlier), you could simply specify:

auth supported = [cephx | none]

This option still works, but is deprecated. New releases support cluster, service and client authentication settings as follows:

auth cluster required = [cephx | none]  # default cephx
auth service required = [cephx | none] # default cephx
auth client required = [cephx | none] # default cephx,none

Important

If your cluster does not currently have an auth supported line that enables authentication, you must explicitly turn it off in Bobtail using the settings below.:

auth cluster required = none
auth service required = none

This will disable authentication on the cluster, but still leave clients with the default configuration where they can talk to a cluster that does enable it, but do not require it.

Important

If your cluster already has an auth supported option defined in the configuration file, no changes are necessary.

See Ceph Authentication - Backward Compatibility for details.

Monitor On-wire Protocol

We recommend upgrading all monitors to Bobtail. A mixture of Bobtail and Argonaut monitors will not be able to use the new on-wire protocol, as the protocol requires all monitors to be Bobtail or greater. Upgrading only a majority of the nodes (e.g., two out of three) may expose the cluster to a situation where a single additional failure may compromise availability (because the non-upgraded daemon cannot participate in the new protocol). We recommend not waiting for an extended period of time between ceph-mon upgrades.

RBD Images

The Bobtail release supports format 2 images! However, you should not create or use format 2 RBD images until after all ceph-osd daemons have been upgraded. Note that format 1 is still the default. You can use the new ceph osd ls and ceph tell osd.N version commands to doublecheck your cluster. ceph osd ls will give a list of all OSD IDs that are part of the cluster, and you can use that to write a simple shell loop to display all the OSD version strings:

for i in $(ceph osd ls); do
    ceph tell osd.${i} version
done

Argonaut to Cuttlefish

To upgrade your cluster from Argonaut to Cuttlefish, please read this section, and the sections on upgrading from Argonaut to Bobtail and upgrading from Bobtail to Cuttlefish carefully. When upgrading from Argonaut to Cuttlefish, YOU MUST UPGRADE YOUR MONITORS FROM ARGONAUT TO BOBTAIL v0.56.5 FIRST!!!. All other Ceph daemons can upgrade from Argonaut to Cuttlefish without the intermediate upgrade to Bobtail.

Important

Ensure that the repository specified points to Bobtail, not Cuttlefish.

For example:

sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list
echo deb http://ceph.com/debian-bobtail/ $(lsb_release -sc) main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list

We recommend upgrading all monitors to Bobtail before proceeding with the upgrade of the monitors to Cuttlefish. A mixture of Bobtail and Argonaut monitors will not be able to use the new on-wire protocol, as the protocol requires all monitors to be Bobtail or greater. Upgrading only a majority of the nodes (e.g., two out of three) may expose the cluster to a situation where a single additional failure may compromise availability (because the non-upgraded daemon cannot participate in the new protocol). We recommend not waiting for an extended period of time between ceph-mon upgrades. See Upgrading Monitors for details.

Note

See the Authentication section and the Ceph Authentication - Backward Compatibility for additional information on authentication backward compatibility settings for Bobtail.

Once you complete the upgrade of your monitors from Argonaut to Bobtail, and have restarted the monitor daemons, you must upgrade the monitors from Bobtail to Cuttlefish. Ensure that you have a quorum before beginning this upgrade procedure. Before upgrading, remember to replace the reference to the Bobtail repository with a reference to the Cuttlefish repository. For example:

sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list
echo deb http://ceph.com/debian-cuttlefish/ $(lsb_release -sc) main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list

See Upgrading Monitors for details.

The architecture of the monitors changed significantly from Argonaut to Cuttlefish. See Monitor Config Reference and Joao's blog post for details. Once you complete the monitor upgrade, you can upgrade the OSD daemons and the MDS daemons using the generic procedures. See Upgrading an OSD and Upgrading a Metadata Server for details.

Bobtail to Cuttlefish

Upgrading your cluster from Bobtail to Cuttlefish has a few important considerations. First, the monitor uses a new architecture, so you should upgrade the full set of monitors to use Cuttlefish. Second, if you run multiple metadata servers in a cluster, ensure the metadata servers have unique names. See the following sections for details.

Replace any apt reference to older repositories with a reference to the Cuttlefish repository. For example:

sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list
echo deb http://ceph.com/debian-cuttlefish/ $(lsb_release -sc) main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list

Monitor

The architecture of the monitors changed significantly from Bobtail to Cuttlefish. See Monitor Config Reference and Joao's blog post for details. This means that v0.59 and pre-v0.59 monitors do not talk to each other (Cuttlefish is v.0.61). When you upgrade each monitor, it will convert its local data store to the new format. Once you upgrade a majority of monitors, the monitors form a quorum using the new protocol and the old monitors will be blocked until they get upgraded. For this reason, we recommend upgrading the monitors in immediate succession.

Important

Do not run a mixed-version cluster for an extended period.

MDS Unique Names

The monitor now enforces that MDS names be unique. If you have multiple metadata server daemons that start with with the same ID (e.g., mds.a) the second metadata server will implicitly mark the first metadata server as failed. Multi-MDS configurations with identical names must be adjusted accordingly to give daemons unique names. If you run your cluster with one metadata server, you can disregard this notice for now.

ceph-deploy

The ceph-deploy tool is now the preferred method of provisioning new clusters. For existing clusters created via the obsolete mkcephfs tool that would like to transition to the new tool, there is a migration path, documented at Transitioning to ceph-deploy.

Cuttlefish to Dumpling

When upgrading from Cuttlefish (v0.61-v0.61.7) you may perform a rolling upgrade. However, there are a few important considerations. First, you must upgrade the ceph command line utility, because it has changed significantly. Second, you must upgrade the full set of monitors to use Dumpling, because of a protocol change.

Replace any reference to older repositories with a reference to the Dumpling repository. For example, with apt perform the following:

sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list
echo deb http://ceph.com/debian-dumpling/ $(lsb_release -sc) main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list

With CentOS/Red Hat distributions, remove the old repository.

sudo rm /etc/yum.repos.d/ceph.repo

Then add a new ceph.repo repository entry with the following contents.

[ceph]
name=Ceph Packages and Backports $basearch
baseurl=http://ceph.com/rpm/el6/$basearch
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
type=rpm-md
gpgkey=https://ceph.com/git/?p=ceph.git;a=blob_plain;f=keys/release.asc

Note

Ensure you use the correct URL for your distribution. Check the http://ceph.com/rpm directory for your distribution.

Note

Since you can upgrade using ceph-deploy you will only need to add the repository on Ceph Client nodes where you use the ceph command line interface or the ceph-deploy tool.

Dumpling to Emperor

When upgrading from Dumpling (v0.64) you may perform a rolling upgrade.

Replace any reference to older repositories with a reference to the Emperor repository. For example, with apt perform the following:

sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list
echo deb http://ceph.com/debian-emperor/ $(lsb_release -sc) main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list

With CentOS/Red Hat distributions, remove the old repository.

sudo rm /etc/yum.repos.d/ceph.repo

Then add a new ceph.repo repository entry with the following contents and replace {distro} with your distribution (e.g., el6, rhel6, etc).

[ceph]
name=Ceph Packages and Backports $basearch
baseurl=http://ceph.com/rpm-emperor/{distro}/$basearch
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
type=rpm-md
gpgkey=https://ceph.com/git/?p=ceph.git;a=blob_plain;f=keys/release.asc

Note

Ensure you use the correct URL for your distribution. Check the http://ceph.com/rpm directory for your distribution.

Note

Since you can upgrade using ceph-deploy you will only need to add the repository on Ceph Client nodes where you use the ceph command line interface or the ceph-deploy tool.

Command Line Utility

In V0.65, the ceph commandline interface (CLI) utility changed significantly. You will not be able to use the old CLI with Dumpling. This means that you must upgrade the ceph-common library on all nodes that access the Ceph Storage Cluster with the ceph CLI before upgrading Ceph daemons.

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install ceph-common

Ensure that you have the latest version (v0.67 or later). If you do not, you may need to uninstall, auto remove dependencies and reinstall.

See v0.65 for details on the new command line interface.

Ceph Deploy

Before upgrading Ceph daemons, upgrade the ceph-deploy tool.

sudo pip install -U ceph-deploy

Or:

sudo apt-get install ceph-deploy

Or:

sudo yum install ceph-deploy python-pushy

Monitor

Dumpling (v0.67) ceph-mon daemons have an internal protocol change. This means that v0.67 daemons cannot talk to v0.66 or older daemons. Once you upgrade a majority of monitors, the monitors form a quorum using the new protocol and the old monitors will be blocked until they get upgraded. For this reason, We recommend upgrading all monitors at once (or in relatively quick succession) to minimize the possibility of downtime.

Important

Do not run a mixed-version cluster for an extended period.

Upgrade Procedures

The following sections describe the upgrade process.

Important

Each release of Ceph may have some additional steps. Refer to release-specific sections for details BEFORE you begin upgrading daemons.

Upgrading Monitors

To upgrade monitors, perform the following steps:

  1. Upgrade the Ceph package for each daemon instance.

    You may use ceph-deploy to address all monitor nodes at once. For example:

    ceph-deploy install --stable {stable release} ceph-node1[ ceph-node2]
ceph-deploy install --stable dumpling mon1 mon2 mon3

    You may also use the package manager for your Linux distribution on each individual node. To upgrade packages manually on each Debian/Ubuntu host, perform the following steps .

    ssh {mon-host}
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install ceph

    On CentOS/Red Hat hosts, perform the following steps:

    ssh {mon-host}
sudo yum update && sudo yum install ceph

  2. Restart each monitor. For Debian/Ubuntu distributions, use:

    sudo restart ceph-mon id={hostname}

    For CentOS/Red Hat distributions, use:

    sudo /etc/init.d/ceph restart {mon-id}

    For CentOS/Red Hat distributions deployed with ceph-deploy, the monitor ID is usually mon.{hostname}.

  3. Ensure each monitor has rejoined the quorum.

    ceph mon stat

Ensure that you have completed the upgrade cycle for all of your Ceph Monitors.

Upgrading an OSD

To upgrade a Ceph OSD Daemon, perform the following steps:

  1. Upgrade the Ceph OSD Daemon package.

    You may use ceph-deploy to address all Ceph OSD Daemon nodes at once. For example:

    ceph-deploy install --stable {stable release} ceph-node1[ ceph-node2]
ceph-deploy install --stable dumpling mon1 mon2 mon3

    You may also use the package manager on each node to upgrade packages manually. For Debian/Ubuntu hosts, perform the following steps on each host.

    ssh {osd-host}
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install ceph

    For CentOS/Red Hat hosts, perform the following steps:

    ssh {osd-host}
sudo yum update && sudo yum install ceph

  2. Restart the OSD, where N is the OSD number. For Debian/Ubuntu, use:

    sudo restart ceph-osd id=N

    For multiple OSDs on a host, you may restart all of them with Upstart.

    sudo restart ceph-osd-all

    For CentOS/Red Hat distributions, use:

    sudo /etc/init.d/ceph restart N

  3. Ensure each upgraded Ceph OSD Daemon has rejoined the cluster:

    ceph osd stat

Ensure that you have completed the upgrade cycle for all of your Ceph OSD Daemons.

Upgrading a Metadata Server

To upgrade a Ceph Metadata Server, perform the following steps:

  1. Upgrade the Ceph Metadata Server package. You may use ceph-deploy to address all Ceph Metadata Server nodes at once, or use the package manager on each node. For example:

    ceph-deploy install --stable {stable release} ceph-node1[ ceph-node2]
ceph-deploy install --stable dumpling mon1 mon2 mon3

    To upgrade packages manually, perform the following steps on each Debian/Ubuntu host.

    ssh {mon-host}
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install ceph-mds

    Or the following steps on CentOS/Red Hat hosts:

    ssh {mon-host}
sudo yum update && sudo yum install ceph-mds

  2. Restart the metadata server. For Debian/Ubuntu, use:

    sudo restart ceph-mds id={hostname}

    For CentOS/Red Hat distributions, use:

    sudo /etc/init.d/ceph restart mds.{hostname}

    For clusters deployed with ceph-deploy, the name is usually either the name you specified on creation or the hostname.

  3. Ensure the metadata server is up and running:

    ceph mds stat

Upgrading a Client

Once you have upgraded the packages and restarted daemons on your Ceph cluster, we recommend upgrading ceph-common and client libraries (librbd1 and librados2) on your client nodes too.

  1. Upgrade the package:

    ssh {client-host}
apt-get update && sudo apt-get install ceph-common librados2 librbd1 python-ceph

  2. Ensure that you have the latest version:

    ceph --version

If you do not have the latest version, you may need to uninstall, auto remove dependencies and reinstall.

Transitioning to ceph-deploy

If you have an existing cluster that you deployed with mkcephfs (usually Argonaut or Bobtail releases), you will need to make a few changes to your configuration to ensure that your cluster will work with ceph-deploy.

Monitor Keyring

You will need to add caps mon = "allow *" to your monitor keyring if it is not already in the keyring. By default, the monitor keyring is located under /var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-$id/keyring. When you have added the caps setting, your monitor keyring should look something like this:

[mon.]
        key = AQBJIHhRuHCwDRAAZjBTSJcIBIoGpdOR9ToiyQ==
        caps mon = "allow *"

Adding caps mon = "allow *" will ease the transition from mkcephfs to ceph-deploy by allowing ceph-create-keys to use the mon. keyring file in $mon_data and get the caps it needs.

Use Default Paths

Under the /var/lib/ceph directory, the mon and osd directories need to use the default paths.

  • OSDs: The path should be /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-$id
  • MON: The path should be /var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-$id

Under those directories, the keyring should be in a file named keyring.