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ggml.c
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// Defines CLOCK_MONOTONIC and asprintf on Linux
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include "ggml.h"
#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
#include <malloc.h> // using malloc.h with MSC/MINGW
#elif !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__NetBSD__) && !defined(__OpenBSD__)
#include <alloca.h>
#endif
#include <assert.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <float.h>
// if C99 - static_assert is noop
// ref: https://stackoverflow.com/a/53923785/4039976
#ifndef static_assert
#define static_assert(cond, msg) struct global_scope_noop_trick
#endif
#if defined(_WIN32)
#include <windows.h>
typedef volatile LONG atomic_int;
typedef atomic_int atomic_bool;
static void atomic_store(atomic_int* ptr, LONG val) {
InterlockedExchange(ptr, val);
}
static LONG atomic_load(atomic_int* ptr) {
return InterlockedCompareExchange(ptr, 0, 0);
}
static LONG atomic_fetch_add(atomic_int* ptr, LONG inc) {
return InterlockedExchangeAdd(ptr, inc);
}
static LONG atomic_fetch_sub(atomic_int* ptr, LONG dec) {
return atomic_fetch_add(ptr, -(dec));
}
typedef HANDLE pthread_t;
typedef DWORD thread_ret_t;
static int pthread_create(pthread_t* out, void* unused, thread_ret_t(*func)(void*), void* arg) {
HANDLE handle = CreateThread(NULL, 0, (LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE) func, arg, 0, NULL);
if (handle == NULL)
{
return EAGAIN;
}
*out = handle;
return 0;
}
static int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void* unused) {
return (int) WaitForSingleObject(thread, INFINITE);
}
static int sched_yield (void) {
Sleep (0);
return 0;
}
#else
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdatomic.h>
typedef void* thread_ret_t;
#endif
// __FMA__ and __F16C__ are not defined in MSVC, however they are implied with AVX2/AVX512
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (defined(__AVX2__) || defined(__AVX512F__))
#ifndef __FMA__
#define __FMA__
#endif
#ifndef __F16C__
#define __F16C__
#endif
#ifndef __SSE3__
#define __SSE3__
#endif
#endif
#ifdef __HAIKU__
#define static_assert(cond, msg) _Static_assert(cond, msg)
#endif
/*#define GGML_PERF*/
#define GGML_DEBUG 0
#define GGML_GELU_FP16
#define GGML_SILU_FP16
#define GGML_SOFT_MAX_UNROLL 4
#define GGML_VEC_DOT_UNROLL 2
#ifdef GGML_USE_ACCELERATE
// uncomment to use vDSP for soft max computation
// note: not sure if it is actually faster
//#define GGML_SOFT_MAX_ACCELERATE
#endif
#if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xFFFFFFFF
#define GGML_MEM_ALIGN 4
#else
#define GGML_MEM_ALIGN 16
#endif
#define UNUSED(x) (void)(x)
#define SWAP(x, y, T) do { T SWAP = x; x = y; y = SWAP; } while (0)
#define GGML_ASSERT(x) \
do { \
if (!(x)) { \
fprintf(stderr, "GGML_ASSERT: %s:%d: %s\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, #x); \
abort(); \
} \
} while (0)
#ifdef GGML_USE_ACCELERATE
#include <Accelerate/Accelerate.h>
#elif GGML_USE_OPENBLAS
#include <cblas.h>
#endif
#undef MIN
#undef MAX
#define MIN(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
// floating point type used to accumulate sums
typedef double ggml_float;
// 16-bit float
// on Arm, we use __fp16
// on x86, we use uint16_t
#ifdef __ARM_NEON
// if YCM cannot find <arm_neon.h>, make a symbolic link to it, for example:
//
// $ ln -sfn /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/lib/clang/13.1.6/include/arm_neon.h ./src/
//
#include <arm_neon.h>
#define GGML_COMPUTE_FP16_TO_FP32(x) ((float) (x))
#define GGML_COMPUTE_FP32_TO_FP16(x) (x)
#define GGML_FP16_TO_FP32(x) ((float) (x))
#define GGML_FP32_TO_FP16(x) (x)
#else
#ifdef __wasm_simd128__
#include <wasm_simd128.h>
#else
#ifdef __POWER9_VECTOR__
#include <altivec.h>
#undef bool
#define bool _Bool
#else
#include <immintrin.h>
#endif
#endif
#ifdef __F16C__
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#define GGML_COMPUTE_FP16_TO_FP32(x) _mm_cvtss_f32(_mm_cvtph_ps(_mm_cvtsi32_si128(x)))
#define GGML_COMPUTE_FP32_TO_FP16(x) _mm_extract_epi16(_mm_cvtps_ph(_mm_set_ss(x), 0), 0)
#else
#define GGML_COMPUTE_FP16_TO_FP32(x) _cvtsh_ss(x)
#define GGML_COMPUTE_FP32_TO_FP16(x) _cvtss_sh(x, 0)
#endif
#elif defined(__POWER9_VECTOR__)
#define GGML_COMPUTE_FP16_TO_FP32(x) ggml_compute_fp16_to_fp32(x)
#define GGML_COMPUTE_FP32_TO_FP16(x) ggml_compute_fp32_to_fp16(x)
/* the inline asm below is about 12% faster than the lookup method */
#define GGML_FP16_TO_FP32(x) GGML_COMPUTE_FP16_TO_FP32(x)
#define GGML_FP32_TO_FP16(x) GGML_COMPUTE_FP32_TO_FP16(x)
static inline float ggml_compute_fp16_to_fp32(ggml_fp16_t h) {
register float f;
register double d;
__asm__(
"mtfprd %0,%2\n"
"xscvhpdp %0,%0\n"
"frsp %1,%0\n" :
/* temp */ "=d"(d),
/* out */ "=f"(f):
/* in */ "r"(h));
return f;
}
static inline ggml_fp16_t ggml_compute_fp32_to_fp16(float f) {
register double d;
register ggml_fp16_t r;
__asm__( /* xscvdphp can work on double or single precision */
"xscvdphp %0,%2\n"
"mffprd %1,%0\n" :
/* temp */ "=d"(d),
/* out */ "=r"(r):
/* in */ "f"(f));
return r;
}
#else
// FP16 <-> FP32
// ref: https://github.com/Maratyszcza/FP16
static inline float fp32_from_bits(uint32_t w) {
union {
uint32_t as_bits;
float as_value;
} fp32;
fp32.as_bits = w;
return fp32.as_value;
}
static inline uint32_t fp32_to_bits(float f) {
union {
float as_value;
uint32_t as_bits;
} fp32;
fp32.as_value = f;
return fp32.as_bits;
}
static inline float ggml_compute_fp16_to_fp32(ggml_fp16_t h) {
const uint32_t w = (uint32_t) h << 16;
const uint32_t sign = w & UINT32_C(0x80000000);
const uint32_t two_w = w + w;
const uint32_t exp_offset = UINT32_C(0xE0) << 23;
#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
const float exp_scale = 0x1.0p-112f;
#else
const float exp_scale = fp32_from_bits(UINT32_C(0x7800000));
#endif
const float normalized_value = fp32_from_bits((two_w >> 4) + exp_offset) * exp_scale;
const uint32_t magic_mask = UINT32_C(126) << 23;
const float magic_bias = 0.5f;
const float denormalized_value = fp32_from_bits((two_w >> 17) | magic_mask) - magic_bias;
const uint32_t denormalized_cutoff = UINT32_C(1) << 27;
const uint32_t result = sign |
(two_w < denormalized_cutoff ? fp32_to_bits(denormalized_value) : fp32_to_bits(normalized_value));
return fp32_from_bits(result);
}
static inline ggml_fp16_t ggml_compute_fp32_to_fp16(float f) {
#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
const float scale_to_inf = 0x1.0p+112f;
const float scale_to_zero = 0x1.0p-110f;
#else
const float scale_to_inf = fp32_from_bits(UINT32_C(0x77800000));
const float scale_to_zero = fp32_from_bits(UINT32_C(0x08800000));
#endif
float base = (fabsf(f) * scale_to_inf) * scale_to_zero;
const uint32_t w = fp32_to_bits(f);
const uint32_t shl1_w = w + w;
const uint32_t sign = w & UINT32_C(0x80000000);
uint32_t bias = shl1_w & UINT32_C(0xFF000000);
if (bias < UINT32_C(0x71000000)) {
bias = UINT32_C(0x71000000);
}
base = fp32_from_bits((bias >> 1) + UINT32_C(0x07800000)) + base;
const uint32_t bits = fp32_to_bits(base);
const uint32_t exp_bits = (bits >> 13) & UINT32_C(0x00007C00);
const uint32_t mantissa_bits = bits & UINT32_C(0x00000FFF);
const uint32_t nonsign = exp_bits + mantissa_bits;
return (sign >> 16) | (shl1_w > UINT32_C(0xFF000000) ? UINT16_C(0x7E00) : nonsign);
}
#define GGML_COMPUTE_FP16_TO_FP32(x) ggml_compute_fp16_to_fp32(x)
#define GGML_COMPUTE_FP32_TO_FP16(x) ggml_compute_fp32_to_fp16(x)
#endif // __F16C__
#endif // __ARM_NEON
//
// global data
//
// precomputed gelu table for f16 (128 KB)
static ggml_fp16_t table_gelu_f16[1 << 16];
// precomputed silu table for f16 (128 KB)
static ggml_fp16_t table_silu_f16[1 << 16];
// precomputed exp table for f16 (128 KB)
static ggml_fp16_t table_exp_f16[1 << 16];
// precomputed f32 table for f16 (256 KB)
static float table_f32_f16[1 << 16];
// On ARM NEON, it's quicker to directly convert x -> x instead of calling into ggml_lookup_fp16_to_fp32,
// so we define GGML_FP16_TO_FP32 and GGML_FP32_TO_FP16 elsewhere for NEON.
// This is also true for POWER9.
#if !defined(GGML_FP16_TO_FP32) || !defined(GGML_FP32_TO_FP16)
inline static float ggml_lookup_fp16_to_fp32(ggml_fp16_t f) {
uint16_t s;
memcpy(&s, &f, sizeof(uint16_t));
return table_f32_f16[s];
}
#define GGML_FP16_TO_FP32(x) ggml_lookup_fp16_to_fp32(x)
#define GGML_FP32_TO_FP16(x) GGML_COMPUTE_FP32_TO_FP16(x)
#endif
// note: do not use these inside ggml.c
// these are meant to be used via the ggml.h API
float ggml_fp16_to_fp32(ggml_fp16_t x) {
return (float) GGML_FP16_TO_FP32(x);
}
ggml_fp16_t ggml_fp32_to_fp16(float x) {
return GGML_FP32_TO_FP16(x);
}
//
// timing
//
#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
static int64_t timer_freq;
void ggml_time_init(void) {
LARGE_INTEGER frequency;
QueryPerformanceFrequency(&frequency);
timer_freq = frequency.QuadPart;
}
int64_t ggml_time_ms(void) {
LARGE_INTEGER t;
QueryPerformanceCounter(&t);
return (t.QuadPart * 1000) / timer_freq;
}
int64_t ggml_time_us(void) {
LARGE_INTEGER t;
QueryPerformanceCounter(&t);
return (t.QuadPart * 1000000) / timer_freq;
}
#else
void ggml_time_init(void) {}
int64_t ggml_time_ms(void) {
struct timespec ts;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
return (int64_t)ts.tv_sec*1000 + (int64_t)ts.tv_nsec/1000000;
}
int64_t ggml_time_us(void) {
struct timespec ts;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
return (int64_t)ts.tv_sec*1000000 + (int64_t)ts.tv_nsec/1000;
}
#endif
int64_t ggml_cycles(void) {
return clock();
}
int64_t ggml_cycles_per_ms(void) {
return CLOCKS_PER_SEC/1000;
}
#ifdef GGML_PERF
#define ggml_perf_time_ms() ggml_time_ms()
#define ggml_perf_time_us() ggml_time_us()
#define ggml_perf_cycles() ggml_cycles()
#define ggml_perf_cycles_per_ms() ggml_cycles_per_ms()
#else
#define ggml_perf_time_ms() 0
#define ggml_perf_time_us() 0
#define ggml_perf_cycles() 0
#define ggml_perf_cycles_per_ms() 0
#endif
//
// cache line
//
#if defined(__cpp_lib_hardware_interference_size)
#define CACHE_LINE_SIZE hardware_destructive_interference_size
#else
#if defined(__POWER9_VECTOR__)
#define CACHE_LINE_SIZE 128
#else
#define CACHE_LINE_SIZE 64
#endif
#endif
static const size_t CACHE_LINE_SIZE_F32 = CACHE_LINE_SIZE/sizeof(float);
//
// quantization
//
#define QK 32
// AVX routines provided by GH user Const-me
// ref: https://github.com/ggerganov/ggml/pull/27#issuecomment-1464934600
#if __AVX2__ || __AVX512F__
// Unpack 32 4-bit fields into 32 bytes
// The output vector contains 32 bytes, each one in [ 0 .. 15 ] interval
static inline __m256i bytesFromNibbles( const uint8_t* rsi )
{
// Load 16 bytes from memory
__m128i tmp = _mm_loadu_si128( ( const __m128i* )rsi );
// Expand bytes into uint16_t values
__m256i bytes = _mm256_cvtepu8_epi16( tmp );
// Unpack values into individual bytes
const __m256i lowMask = _mm256_set1_epi8( 0xF );
__m256i high = _mm256_andnot_si256( lowMask, bytes );
__m256i low = _mm256_and_si256( lowMask, bytes );
high = _mm256_slli_epi16( high, 4 );
bytes = _mm256_or_si256( low, high );
return bytes;
}
static inline __m128i packNibbles( __m256i bytes )
{
// Move bits within 16-bit lanes from 0000_abcd_0000_efgh into 0000_0000_abcd_efgh
const __m256i lowByte = _mm256_set1_epi16( 0xFF );
__m256i high = _mm256_andnot_si256( lowByte, bytes );
__m256i low = _mm256_and_si256( lowByte, bytes );
high = _mm256_srli_epi16( high, 4 );
bytes = _mm256_or_si256( low, high );
// Compress uint16_t lanes into bytes
__m128i r0 = _mm256_castsi256_si128( bytes );
__m128i r1 = _mm256_extracti128_si256( bytes, 1 );
return _mm_packus_epi16( r0, r1 );
}
#elif __AVX__
static inline __m128i bytesFromNibbles( const uint8_t* rsi )
{
// Load 8 bytes from memory
__m128i tmp = _mm_loadu_si64( ( const __m128i* )rsi );
// Expand bytes into uint16_t values
__m128i bytes = _mm_cvtepu8_epi16( tmp );
// Unpack values into individual bytes
const __m128i lowMask = _mm_set1_epi8( 0xF );
__m128i high = _mm_andnot_si128( lowMask, bytes );
__m128i low = _mm_and_si128( lowMask, bytes );
high = _mm_slli_epi16( high, 4 );
bytes = _mm_or_si128( low, high );
return bytes;
}
static inline __m128i packNibbles( __m128i bytes1, __m128i bytes2 )
{
// Move bits within 16-bit lanes from 0000_abcd_0000_efgh into 0000_0000_abcd_efgh
const __m128i lowByte = _mm_set1_epi16( 0xFF );
__m128i high = _mm_andnot_si128( lowByte, bytes1 );
__m128i low = _mm_and_si128( lowByte, bytes1 );
high = _mm_srli_epi16( high, 4 );
bytes1 = _mm_or_si128( low, high );
high = _mm_andnot_si128( lowByte, bytes2 );
low = _mm_and_si128( lowByte, bytes2 );
high = _mm_srli_epi16( high, 4 );
bytes2 = _mm_or_si128( low, high );
return _mm_packus_epi16( bytes1, bytes2);
}
#endif
// method 5
// blocks of QK elements
// represented with a single float (delta) and QK/2 8-bit ints (i.e QK 4-bit signed integer factors)
typedef struct {
float d; // delta
uint8_t qs[QK / 2]; // nibbles / quants
} block_q4_0;
static_assert(sizeof(block_q4_0) == sizeof(float) + QK / 2, "wrong q4_0 block size/padding");
// method 4
// blocks of QK elements
// represented with 2 floats (delta + min) and QK/2 8-bit ints (i.e QK 4-bit unsigned integer factors)
typedef struct {
float d;
float m;
uint8_t qs[QK / 2]; // nibbles / quants
} block_q4_1;
static_assert(sizeof(block_q4_1) == sizeof(float) * 2 + QK / 2, "wrong q4_1 block size/padding");
// reference implementation for deterministic creation of model files
static void quantize_row_q4_0_reference(const float * restrict x, block_q4_0 * restrict y, int k) {
assert(k % QK == 0);
const int nb = k / QK;
uint8_t pp[QK/2];
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
float amax = 0.0f; // absolute max
for (int l = 0; l < QK; l++) {
const float v = x[i*QK + l];
amax = MAX(amax, fabsf(v));
}
const float d = amax / ((1 << 3) - 1);
const float id = d ? 1.0f/d : 0.0f;
y[i].d = d;
for (int l = 0; l < QK; l += 2) {
const float v0 = x[i*QK + l + 0]*id;
const float v1 = x[i*QK + l + 1]*id;
const uint8_t vi0 = (int8_t)roundf(v0) + 8;
const uint8_t vi1 = (int8_t)roundf(v1) + 8;
assert(vi0 < 16);
assert(vi1 < 16);
pp[l/2] = vi0 | (vi1 << 4);
}
memcpy(y[i].qs, pp, sizeof(pp));
}
}
static void quantize_row_q4_0(const float * restrict x, void * restrict vy, int k) {
assert(k % QK == 0);
const int nb = k / QK;
block_q4_0 * restrict y = vy;
#if defined(__POWER9_VECTOR__)
const vector float v85 = vec_splats(8.5f);
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
float amax = 0.0f; // absolute max
vector float srcv [8];
vector float asrcv[8];
vector float amaxv[8];
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) srcv[l] = *(vector float *)(x + i*32 + 4*l);
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) asrcv[l] = vec_abs(srcv[l]);
for (int l = 0; l < 4; l++) amaxv[2*l] = vec_max(asrcv[2*l], asrcv[2*l+1]);
//for (int l = 0; l < 2; l++) amaxv[4*l] = vec_max(amaxv[4*l], amaxv[4*l+2]);
amaxv[0] = vec_max(amaxv[0], amaxv[2]);
amaxv[4] = vec_max(amaxv[4], amaxv[6]);
//for (int l = 0; l < 1; l++) amaxv[8*l] = vec_max(amaxv[8*l], amaxv[8*l+4]);
amaxv[0] = vec_max(amaxv[0], amaxv[4]);
amax = MAX(
MAX(vec_extract(amaxv[0], 0), vec_extract(amaxv[0], 1)),
MAX(vec_extract(amaxv[0], 2), vec_extract(amaxv[0], 3)));
const float d = amax / ((1 << 3) - 1);
const float id = d ? 1.0/d : 0.0;
y[i].d = d;
const vector float vid = vec_splats(id);
uint8_t * restrict pb = y[i].qs;
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) {
const vector float vf = vec_madd(srcv[l], vid, v85);
const vector signed int vi = vec_signed(vf);
pb[2*l + 0] = vec_extract(vi, 0) | (vec_extract(vi, 1) << 4);
pb[2*l + 1] = vec_extract(vi, 2) | (vec_extract(vi, 3) << 4);
}
}
#elif __ARM_NEON
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
float32x4_t srcv [8];
float32x4_t asrcv[8];
float32x4_t amaxv[8];
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) srcv[l] = vld1q_f32(x + i*32 + 4*l);
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) asrcv[l] = vabsq_f32(srcv[l]);
for (int l = 0; l < 4; l++) amaxv[2*l] = vmaxq_f32(asrcv[2*l], asrcv[2*l+1]);
for (int l = 0; l < 2; l++) amaxv[4*l] = vmaxq_f32(amaxv[4*l], amaxv[4*l+2]);
for (int l = 0; l < 1; l++) amaxv[8*l] = vmaxq_f32(amaxv[8*l], amaxv[8*l+4]);
const float amax = vmaxvq_f32(amaxv[0]);
const float d = amax / ((1 << 3) - 1);
const float id = d ? 1.0f/d : 0.0f;
y[i].d = d;
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) {
const float32x4_t v = vmulq_n_f32(srcv[l], id);
const float32x4_t vf = vaddq_f32(v, vdupq_n_f32(8.5f));
const int32x4_t vi = vcvtq_s32_f32(vf);
y[i].qs[2*l + 0] = vgetq_lane_s32(vi, 0) | (vgetq_lane_s32(vi, 1) << 4);
y[i].qs[2*l + 1] = vgetq_lane_s32(vi, 2) | (vgetq_lane_s32(vi, 3) << 4);
}
}
#elif defined(__AVX2__)
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
// Load elements into 4 AVX vectors
__m256 v0 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x );
__m256 v1 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x + 8 );
__m256 v2 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x + 16 );
__m256 v3 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x + 24 );
x += 32;
// Compute max(abs(e)) for the block
const __m256 signBit = _mm256_set1_ps( -0.0f );
__m256 maxAbs = _mm256_andnot_ps( signBit, v0 );
maxAbs = _mm256_max_ps( maxAbs, _mm256_andnot_ps( signBit, v1 ) );
maxAbs = _mm256_max_ps( maxAbs, _mm256_andnot_ps( signBit, v2 ) );
maxAbs = _mm256_max_ps( maxAbs, _mm256_andnot_ps( signBit, v3 ) );
__m128 max4 = _mm_max_ps( _mm256_extractf128_ps( maxAbs, 1 ), _mm256_castps256_ps128( maxAbs ) );
max4 = _mm_max_ps( max4, _mm_movehl_ps( max4, max4 ) );
max4 = _mm_max_ss( max4, _mm_movehdup_ps( max4 ) );
const float maxScalar = _mm_cvtss_f32( max4 );
// Quantize these floats
const float d = maxScalar / 7.0f;
y[i].d = d;
const float id = ( maxScalar != 0.0f ) ? 7.0f / maxScalar : 0.0f;
const __m256 mul = _mm256_set1_ps( id );
// Apply the multiplier
v0 = _mm256_mul_ps( v0, mul );
v1 = _mm256_mul_ps( v1, mul );
v2 = _mm256_mul_ps( v2, mul );
v3 = _mm256_mul_ps( v3, mul );
// Round to nearest integer
v0 = _mm256_round_ps( v0, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
v1 = _mm256_round_ps( v1, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
v2 = _mm256_round_ps( v2, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
v3 = _mm256_round_ps( v3, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
// Convert floats to integers
__m256i i0 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v0 );
__m256i i1 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v1 );
__m256i i2 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v2 );
__m256i i3 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v3 );
// Convert int32 to int16
i0 = _mm256_packs_epi32( i0, i1 ); // 0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15
i2 = _mm256_packs_epi32( i2, i3 ); // 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31
// Convert int16 to int8
i0 = _mm256_packs_epi16( i0, i2 ); // 0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31
// We got our precious signed bytes, but the order is now wrong
// These AVX2 pack instructions process 16-byte pieces independently
// The following instruction is fixing the order
const __m256i perm = _mm256_setr_epi32( 0, 4, 1, 5, 2, 6, 3, 7 );
i0 = _mm256_permutevar8x32_epi32( i0, perm );
// Apply offset to translate the range from [ -7 .. +7 ] into [ +1 .. +15 ]
const __m256i off = _mm256_set1_epi8( 8 );
i0 = _mm256_add_epi8( i0, off );
// Compress the vector into 4 bit/value, and store
__m128i res = packNibbles( i0 );
_mm_storeu_si128( ( __m128i* )y[i].qs, res );
}
#elif defined(__AVX__)
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
// Load elements into 4 AVX vectors
__m256 v0 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x );
__m256 v1 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x + 8 );
__m256 v2 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x + 16 );
__m256 v3 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x + 24 );
x += 32;
// Compute max(abs(e)) for the block
const __m256 signBit = _mm256_set1_ps( -0.0f );
__m256 maxAbs = _mm256_andnot_ps( signBit, v0 );
maxAbs = _mm256_max_ps( maxAbs, _mm256_andnot_ps( signBit, v1 ) );
maxAbs = _mm256_max_ps( maxAbs, _mm256_andnot_ps( signBit, v2 ) );
maxAbs = _mm256_max_ps( maxAbs, _mm256_andnot_ps( signBit, v3 ) );
__m128 max4 = _mm_max_ps( _mm256_extractf128_ps( maxAbs, 1 ), _mm256_castps256_ps128( maxAbs ) );
max4 = _mm_max_ps( max4, _mm_movehl_ps( max4, max4 ) );
max4 = _mm_max_ss( max4, _mm_movehdup_ps( max4 ) );
const float maxScalar = _mm_cvtss_f32( max4 );
// Quantize these floats
const float d = maxScalar / 7.0f;
y[i].d = d;
const float id = ( maxScalar != 0.0f ) ? 7.0f / maxScalar : 0.0f;
const __m256 mul = _mm256_set1_ps( id );
// Apply the multiplier
v0 = _mm256_mul_ps( v0, mul );
v1 = _mm256_mul_ps( v1, mul );
v2 = _mm256_mul_ps( v2, mul );
v3 = _mm256_mul_ps( v3, mul );
// Round to nearest integer
v0 = _mm256_round_ps( v0, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
v1 = _mm256_round_ps( v1, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
v2 = _mm256_round_ps( v2, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
v3 = _mm256_round_ps( v3, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
// Convert floats to integers
__m256i i0 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v0 );
__m256i i1 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v1 );
__m256i i2 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v2 );
__m256i i3 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v3 );
// Since we don't have in AVX some necessary functions,
// we split the registers in half and call AVX2 analogs from SSE
__m128i ni0 = _mm256_castsi256_si128( i0 );
__m128i ni1 = _mm256_extractf128_si256( i0, 1);
__m128i ni2 = _mm256_castsi256_si128( i1 );
__m128i ni3 = _mm256_extractf128_si256( i1, 1);
__m128i ni4 = _mm256_castsi256_si128( i2 );
__m128i ni5 = _mm256_extractf128_si256( i2, 1);
__m128i ni6 = _mm256_castsi256_si128( i3 );
__m128i ni7 = _mm256_extractf128_si256( i3, 1);
// Convert int32 to int16
ni0 = _mm_packs_epi32( ni0, ni1 );
ni2 = _mm_packs_epi32( ni2, ni3 );
ni4 = _mm_packs_epi32( ni4, ni5 );
ni6 = _mm_packs_epi32( ni6, ni7 );
// Convert int16 to int8
ni0 = _mm_packs_epi16( ni0, ni2 );
ni4 = _mm_packs_epi16( ni4, ni6 );
// Apply offset to translate the range from [ -7 .. +7 ] into [ +1 .. +15 ]
const __m128i off = _mm_set1_epi8( 8);
ni0 = _mm_add_epi8( ni0, off );
ni4 = _mm_add_epi8( ni4, off );
// Compress the vector into 4 bit/value, and store
__m128i res = packNibbles( ni0, ni4 );
_mm_storeu_si128( ( __m128i* )y[i].qs, res );
}
#elif defined(__wasm_simd128__)
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
float amax = 0.0f; // absolute max
v128_t srcv [8];
v128_t asrcv[8];
v128_t amaxv[8];
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) srcv[l] = wasm_v128_load(x + i*32 + 4*l);
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) asrcv[l] = wasm_f32x4_abs(srcv[l]);
for (int l = 0; l < 4; l++) amaxv[2*l] = wasm_f32x4_max(asrcv[2*l], asrcv[2*l+1]);
for (int l = 0; l < 2; l++) amaxv[4*l] = wasm_f32x4_max(amaxv[4*l], amaxv[4*l+2]);
for (int l = 0; l < 1; l++) amaxv[8*l] = wasm_f32x4_max(amaxv[8*l], amaxv[8*l+4]);
amax = MAX(
MAX(wasm_f32x4_extract_lane(amaxv[0], 0), wasm_f32x4_extract_lane(amaxv[0], 1)),
MAX(wasm_f32x4_extract_lane(amaxv[0], 2), wasm_f32x4_extract_lane(amaxv[0], 3)));
const float d = amax / ((1 << 3) - 1);
const float id = d ? 1.0/d : 0.0;
y[i].d = d;
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) {
const v128_t v = wasm_f32x4_mul(srcv[l], wasm_f32x4_splat(id));
const v128_t vf = wasm_f32x4_add(v, wasm_f32x4_splat(8.5f));
const v128_t vi = wasm_i32x4_trunc_sat_f32x4(vf);
y[i].qs[2*l + 0] = wasm_i32x4_extract_lane(vi, 0) | (wasm_i32x4_extract_lane(vi, 1) << 4);
y[i].qs[2*l + 1] = wasm_i32x4_extract_lane(vi, 2) | (wasm_i32x4_extract_lane(vi, 3) << 4);
}
}
#else
// scalar
quantize_row_q4_0_reference(x, y, k);
#endif
}
static void quantize_row_q4_1_reference(const float * restrict x, void * restrict vy, int k) {
assert(k % QK == 0);
const int nb = k / QK;
block_q4_1 * restrict y = vy;
uint8_t pp[QK/2];
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
float min = FLT_MAX;
float max = -FLT_MAX;
for (int l = 0; l < QK; l++) {
const float v = x[i*QK + l];
if (v < min) min = v;
if (v > max) max = v;
}
const float d = (max - min) / ((1 << 4) - 1);
const float id = d ? 1.0f/d : 0.0f;
y[i].d = d;
y[i].m = min;
for (int l = 0; l < QK; l += 2) {
const float v0 = (x[i*QK + l + 0] - min)*id;
const float v1 = (x[i*QK + l + 1] - min)*id;
const uint8_t vi0 = roundf(v0);
const uint8_t vi1 = roundf(v1);
assert(vi0 < 16);
assert(vi1 < 16);
pp[l/2] = vi0 | (vi1 << 4);
}
memcpy(y[i].qs, pp, sizeof(pp));
}
}
static void quantize_row_q4_1(const float * restrict x, void * restrict vy, int k) {
assert(k % QK == 0);
const int nb = k / QK;
block_q4_1 * restrict y = vy;
#if defined(__AVX2__)
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
// Load elements into 4 AVX vectors
__m256 v0 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x );
__m256 v1 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x + 8 );
__m256 v2 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x + 16 );
__m256 v3 = _mm256_loadu_ps( x + 24 );
x += 32;
// Compute max for the block
__m256 vmax;
vmax = _mm256_max_ps( v0, v1 );
vmax = _mm256_max_ps( vmax, v2 );
vmax = _mm256_max_ps( vmax, v3 );
__m128 max4 = _mm_max_ps( _mm256_extractf128_ps( vmax, 1 ), _mm256_castps256_ps128( vmax ) );
max4 = _mm_max_ps( max4, _mm_movehl_ps( max4, max4 ) );
max4 = _mm_max_ss( max4, _mm_movehdup_ps( max4 ) );
const float maxScalar = _mm_cvtss_f32( max4 );
// Compute min for the block
__m256 vmin;
vmin = _mm256_min_ps( v0, v1 );
vmin = _mm256_min_ps( vmin, v2 );
vmin = _mm256_min_ps( vmin, v3 );
__m128 min4 = _mm_min_ps( _mm256_extractf128_ps( vmin, 1 ), _mm256_castps256_ps128( vmin ) );
min4 = _mm_min_ps( min4, _mm_movehl_ps( min4, min4 ) );
min4 = _mm_min_ss( min4, _mm_movehdup_ps( min4 ) );
const float minScalar = _mm_cvtss_f32( min4 );
// Quantize these floats
const float d = (maxScalar - minScalar) / ((1 << 4) - 1);
const float id = d ? 1.0f/d : 0.0f;
y[i].m = minScalar;
y[i].d = d;
// x = (x-min)*id
const __m256 mul = _mm256_set1_ps( id );
const __m256 off = _mm256_set1_ps( minScalar );
v0 = _mm256_mul_ps( _mm256_sub_ps( v0, off ), mul );
v1 = _mm256_mul_ps( _mm256_sub_ps( v1, off ), mul );
v2 = _mm256_mul_ps( _mm256_sub_ps( v2, off ), mul );
v3 = _mm256_mul_ps( _mm256_sub_ps( v3, off ), mul );
// Round to nearest integer
v0 = _mm256_round_ps( v0, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
v1 = _mm256_round_ps( v1, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
v2 = _mm256_round_ps( v2, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
v3 = _mm256_round_ps( v3, _MM_ROUND_NEAREST );
// Convert floats to integers
__m256i i0 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v0 );
__m256i i1 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v1 );
__m256i i2 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v2 );
__m256i i3 = _mm256_cvtps_epi32( v3 );
// Convert int32 to int16
i0 = _mm256_packs_epi32( i0, i1 ); // 0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15
i2 = _mm256_packs_epi32( i2, i3 ); // 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31
// Convert int16 to int8
i0 = _mm256_packs_epi16( i0, i2 ); // 0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31
// We got our precious signed bytes, but the order is now wrong
// These AVX2 pack instructions process 16-byte pieces independently
// The following instruction is fixing the order
const __m256i perm = _mm256_setr_epi32( 0, 4, 1, 5, 2, 6, 3, 7 );
i0 = _mm256_permutevar8x32_epi32( i0, perm );
// Compress the vector into 4 bit/value, and store
__m128i res = packNibbles( i0 );
_mm_storeu_si128( ( __m128i* )y[i].qs, res );
}
#elif __ARM_NEON
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
float32x4_t srcv[8];
float32x4_t minv[8];
float32x4_t maxv[8];
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) srcv[l] = vld1q_f32(x + i*QK + 4*l);
for (int l = 0; l < 4; l++) minv[2*l] = vminq_f32(srcv[2*l], srcv[2*l + 1]);
for (int l = 0; l < 2; l++) minv[4*l] = vminq_f32(minv[4*l], minv[4*l + 2]);
for (int l = 0; l < 1; l++) minv[8*l] = vminq_f32(minv[8*l], minv[8*l + 4]);
for (int l = 0; l < 4; l++) maxv[2*l] = vmaxq_f32(srcv[2*l], srcv[2*l + 1]);
for (int l = 0; l < 2; l++) maxv[4*l] = vmaxq_f32(maxv[4*l], maxv[4*l + 2]);
for (int l = 0; l < 1; l++) maxv[8*l] = vmaxq_f32(maxv[8*l], maxv[8*l + 4]);
const float min = vminvq_f32(minv[0]);
const float max = vmaxvq_f32(maxv[0]);
const float d = (max - min) / ((1 << 4) - 1);
const float id = d ? 1.0f/d : 0.0f;
y[i].d = d;
y[i].m = min;
const float32x4_t minv0 = vdupq_n_f32(min);
for (int l = 0; l < 8; l++) {
const float32x4_t v = vmulq_n_f32(vsubq_f32(srcv[l], minv0), id);
const float32x4_t vf = vaddq_f32(v, vdupq_n_f32(0.5f)); // needed to round to nearest
const int32x4_t vi = vcvtq_s32_f32(vf);
y[i].qs[2*l + 0] = vgetq_lane_s32(vi, 0) | (vgetq_lane_s32(vi, 1) << 4);
y[i].qs[2*l + 1] = vgetq_lane_s32(vi, 2) | (vgetq_lane_s32(vi, 3) << 4);
}
}
#else
// scalar
quantize_row_q4_1_reference(x, vy, k);
#endif
}
static void dequantize_row_q4_0(const void * restrict vx, float * restrict y, int k) {
assert(k % QK == 0);
const int nb = k / QK;
const block_q4_0 * restrict x = vx;
#if defined(__AVX2__)
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
// scale factor
const __m256 d_v = _mm256_broadcast_ss(&x[i].d);
const uint8_t * restrict pp = x[i].qs;
for (int l = 0; l < QK; l += 32) {
// Load 32x4-bit integers into 32x8-bit integers
__m256i vx8 = bytesFromNibbles(pp+l/2);
// Subtract 8 from the integers
vx8 = _mm256_sub_epi8(vx8, _mm256_set1_epi8(8));
// Convert to 16-bit int
const __m256i vx16_lo = _mm256_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_extracti128_si256(vx8, 0));
const __m256i vx16_hi = _mm256_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_extracti128_si256(vx8, 1));
// Convert to 32-bit int -> float 32
const __m256 vf[4] = {
_mm256_cvtepi32_ps(_mm256_cvtepi16_epi32(_mm256_extracti128_si256(vx16_lo, 0))),
_mm256_cvtepi32_ps(_mm256_cvtepi16_epi32(_mm256_extracti128_si256(vx16_lo, 1))),
_mm256_cvtepi32_ps(_mm256_cvtepi16_epi32(_mm256_extracti128_si256(vx16_hi, 0))),
_mm256_cvtepi32_ps(_mm256_cvtepi16_epi32(_mm256_extracti128_si256(vx16_hi, 1)))
};
// Scale and store
for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
const __m256 result = _mm256_mul_ps(vf[j], d_v);
_mm256_storeu_ps(y + i * QK + l + j*8, result);
}
}
}
#elif defined(__ARM_NEON)
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
const float32x4_t vd = vdupq_n_f32(x[i].d);
const uint8_t * restrict pp = x[i].qs;
for (int l = 0; l < QK; l += 16) {