cli.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
Zappa CLI

Deploy arbitrary Python programs as serverless Zappa applications.

"""
import argparse
import base64
import collections
import importlib
import inspect
import logging
import os
import pkgutil
import random
import re
import string
import sys
import tempfile
import time
import zipfile
from builtins import bytes, input
from datetime import datetime, timedelta

import argcomplete
import botocore
import click
import hjson as json
import pkg_resources
import requests
import slugify
import toml
import yaml
from click import BaseCommand, Context
from click.exceptions import ClickException
from click.globals import push_context
from dateutil import parser
from past.builtins import basestring

from .core import API_GATEWAY_REGIONS, Zappa, logger
from .utilities import (
    InvalidAwsLambdaName,
    check_new_version_available,
    detect_django_settings,
    detect_flask_apps,
    get_runtime_from_python_version,
    get_venv_from_python_version,
    human_size,
    is_valid_bucket_name,
    parse_s3_url,
    string_to_timestamp,
    validate_name,
)

CUSTOM_SETTINGS = [
    "apigateway_policy",
    "assume_policy",
    "attach_policy",
    "aws_region",
    "delete_local_zip",
    "delete_s3_zip",
    "exclude",
    "exclude_glob",
    "extra_permissions",
    "include",
    "role_name",
    "touch",
]

BOTO3_CONFIG_DOCS_URL = (
    "https://boto3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/guide/quickstart.html#configuration"
)

##
# Main Input Processing
##


class ZappaCLI:
    """
    ZappaCLI object is responsible for loading the settings,
    handling the input arguments and executing the calls to the core library.
    """

    # CLI
    vargs = None
    command = None
    stage_env = None

    # Zappa settings
    zappa = None
    zappa_settings = None
    load_credentials = True
    disable_progress = False

    # Specific settings
    api_stage = None
    app_function = None
    aws_region = None
    debug = None
    prebuild_script = None
    project_name = None
    profile_name = None
    lambda_arn = None
    lambda_name = None
    lambda_description = None
    lambda_concurrency = None
    s3_bucket_name = None
    settings_file = None
    zip_path = None
    handler_path = None
    vpc_config = None
    memory_size = None
    use_apigateway = None
    lambda_handler = None
    django_settings = None
    manage_roles = True
    exception_handler = None
    environment_variables = None
    authorizer = None
    xray_tracing = False
    aws_kms_key_arn = ""
    context_header_mappings = None
    tags = []
    layers = None

    stage_name_env_pattern = re.compile("^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$")

    def __init__(self):
        self._stage_config_overrides = (
            {}
        )  # change using self.override_stage_config_setting(key, val)

    @property
    def stage_config(self):
        """
        A shortcut property for settings of a stage.
        """

        def get_stage_setting(stage, extended_stages=None):
            if extended_stages is None:
                extended_stages = []

            if stage in extended_stages:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    stage + " has already been extended to these settings. "
                    "There is a circular extends within the settings file."
                )
            extended_stages.append(stage)

            try:
                stage_settings = dict(self.zappa_settings[stage].copy())
            except KeyError:
                raise ClickException(
                    "Cannot extend settings for undefined stage '" + stage + "'."
                )

            extends_stage = self.zappa_settings[stage].get("extends", None)
            if not extends_stage:
                return stage_settings
            extended_settings = get_stage_setting(
                stage=extends_stage, extended_stages=extended_stages
            )
            extended_settings.update(stage_settings)
            return extended_settings

        settings = get_stage_setting(stage=self.api_stage)

        # Backwards compatible for delete_zip setting that was more explicitly named delete_local_zip
        if "delete_zip" in settings:
            settings["delete_local_zip"] = settings.get("delete_zip")

        settings.update(self.stage_config_overrides)

        return settings

    @property
    def stage_config_overrides(self):
        """
        Returns zappa_settings we forcefully override for the current stage
        set by `self.override_stage_config_setting(key, value)`
        """
        return getattr(self, "_stage_config_overrides", {}).get(self.api_stage, {})

    def override_stage_config_setting(self, key, val):
        """
        Forcefully override a setting set by zappa_settings (for the current stage only)
        :param key: settings key
        :param val: value
        """
        self._stage_config_overrides = getattr(self, "_stage_config_overrides", {})
        self._stage_config_overrides.setdefault(self.api_stage, {})[key] = val

    def handle(self, argv=None):
        """
        Main function.
        Parses command, load settings and dispatches accordingly.
        """

        desc = "Zappa - Deploy Python applications to AWS Lambda" " and API Gateway.\n"
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=desc)
        parser.add_argument(
            "-v",
            "--version",
            action="version",
            version=pkg_resources.get_distribution("zappa").version,
            help="Print the zappa version",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--color", default="auto", choices=["auto", "never", "always"]
        )

        env_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False)
        me_group = env_parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
        all_help = "Execute this command for all of our defined " "Zappa stages."
        me_group.add_argument("--all", action="store_true", help=all_help)
        me_group.add_argument("stage_env", nargs="?")

        group = env_parser.add_argument_group()
        group.add_argument(
            "-a", "--app_function", help="The WSGI application function."
        )
        group.add_argument(
            "-s", "--settings_file", help="The path to a Zappa settings file."
        )
        group.add_argument(
            "-q", "--quiet", action="store_true", help="Silence all output."
        )
        # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/407
        # Moved when 'template' command added.
        # Fuck Terraform.
        group.add_argument(
            "-j",
            "--json",
            action="store_true",
            help="Make the output of this command be machine readable.",
        )
        # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/891
        group.add_argument(
            "--disable_progress", action="store_true", help="Disable progress bars."
        )
        group.add_argument("--no_venv", action="store_true", help="Skip venv check.")

        ##
        # Certify
        ##
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title="subcommands", dest="command")
        cert_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "certify", parents=[env_parser], help="Create and install SSL certificate"
        )
        cert_parser.add_argument(
            "--manual",
            action="store_true",
            help=(
                "Gets new Let's Encrypt certificates, but prints them to console."
                "Does not update API Gateway domains."
            ),
        )
        cert_parser.add_argument(
            "-y", "--yes", action="store_true", help="Auto confirm yes."
        )

        ##
        # Deploy
        ##
        deploy_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "deploy", parents=[env_parser], help="Deploy application."
        )
        deploy_parser.add_argument(
            "-z",
            "--zip",
            help="Deploy Lambda with specific local or S3 hosted zip package",
        )
        deploy_parser.add_argument(
            "-d",
            "--docker-image-uri",
            help="Deploy Lambda with a specific docker image hosted in AWS Elastic Container Registry",
        )

        ##
        # Init
        ##
        init_parser = subparsers.add_parser("init", help="Initialize Zappa app.")

        ##
        # Package
        ##
        package_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "package",
            parents=[env_parser],
            help="Build the application zip package locally.",
        )
        package_parser.add_argument(
            "-o", "--output", help="Name of file to output the package to."
        )

        ##
        # Template
        ##
        template_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "template",
            parents=[env_parser],
            help="Create a CloudFormation template for this API Gateway.",
        )
        template_parser.add_argument(
            "-l",
            "--lambda-arn",
            required=True,
            help="ARN of the Lambda function to template to.",
        )
        template_parser.add_argument(
            "-r", "--role-arn", required=True, help="ARN of the Role to template with."
        )
        template_parser.add_argument(
            "-o", "--output", help="Name of file to output the template to."
        )

        ##
        # Invocation
        ##
        invoke_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "invoke", parents=[env_parser], help="Invoke remote function."
        )
        invoke_parser.add_argument(
            "--raw",
            action="store_true",
            help=(
                "When invoking remotely, invoke this python as a string,"
                " not as a modular path."
            ),
        )
        invoke_parser.add_argument(
            "--no-color", action="store_true", help=("Don't color the output")
        )
        invoke_parser.add_argument("command_rest")

        ##
        # Manage
        ##
        manage_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "manage", help="Invoke remote Django manage.py commands."
        )
        rest_help = (
            "Command in the form of <env> <command>. <env> is not "
            "required if --all is specified"
        )
        manage_parser.add_argument("--all", action="store_true", help=all_help)
        manage_parser.add_argument("command_rest", nargs="+", help=rest_help)
        manage_parser.add_argument(
            "--no-color", action="store_true", help=("Don't color the output")
        )
        # This is explicitly added here because this is the only subcommand that doesn't inherit from env_parser
        # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/1002
        manage_parser.add_argument(
            "-s", "--settings_file", help="The path to a Zappa settings file."
        )

        ##
        # Rollback
        ##
        def positive_int(s):
            """Ensure an arg is positive"""
            i = int(s)
            if i < 0:
                msg = "This argument must be positive (got {})".format(s)
                raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(msg)
            return i

        rollback_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "rollback",
            parents=[env_parser],
            help="Rollback deployed code to a previous version.",
        )
        rollback_parser.add_argument(
            "-n",
            "--num-rollback",
            type=positive_int,
            default=1,
            help="The number of versions to rollback.",
        )

        ##
        # Scheduling
        ##
        subparsers.add_parser(
            "schedule",
            parents=[env_parser],
            help="Schedule functions to occur at regular intervals.",
        )

        ##
        # Status
        ##
        subparsers.add_parser(
            "status",
            parents=[env_parser],
            help="Show deployment status and event schedules.",
        )

        ##
        # Log Tailing
        ##
        tail_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "tail", parents=[env_parser], help="Tail deployment logs."
        )
        tail_parser.add_argument(
            "--no-color", action="store_true", help="Don't color log tail output."
        )
        tail_parser.add_argument(
            "--http",
            action="store_true",
            help="Only show HTTP requests in tail output.",
        )
        tail_parser.add_argument(
            "--non-http",
            action="store_true",
            help="Only show non-HTTP requests in tail output.",
        )
        tail_parser.add_argument(
            "--since",
            type=str,
            default="100000s",
            help="Only show lines since a certain timeframe.",
        )
        tail_parser.add_argument(
            "--filter", type=str, default="", help="Apply a filter pattern to the logs."
        )
        tail_parser.add_argument(
            "--force-color",
            action="store_true",
            help="Force coloring log tail output even if coloring support is not auto-detected. (example: piping)",
        )
        tail_parser.add_argument(
            "--disable-keep-open",
            action="store_true",
            help="Exit after printing the last available log, rather than keeping the log open.",
        )

        ##
        # Undeploy
        ##
        undeploy_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "undeploy", parents=[env_parser], help="Undeploy application."
        )
        undeploy_parser.add_argument(
            "--remove-logs",
            action="store_true",
            help=(
                "Removes log groups of api gateway and lambda task"
                " during the undeployment."
            ),
        )
        undeploy_parser.add_argument(
            "-y", "--yes", action="store_true", help="Auto confirm yes."
        )

        ##
        # Unschedule
        ##
        subparsers.add_parser(
            "unschedule", parents=[env_parser], help="Unschedule functions."
        )

        ##
        # Updating
        ##
        update_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "update", parents=[env_parser], help="Update deployed application."
        )
        update_parser.add_argument(
            "-z",
            "--zip",
            help="Update Lambda with specific local or S3 hosted zip package",
        )
        update_parser.add_argument(
            "-n",
            "--no-upload",
            help="Update configuration where appropriate, but don't upload new code",
        )
        update_parser.add_argument(
            "-d",
            "--docker-image-uri",
            help="Update Lambda with a specific docker image hosted in AWS Elastic Container Registry",
        )

        ##
        # Debug
        ##
        subparsers.add_parser(
            "shell",
            parents=[env_parser],
            help="A debug shell with a loaded Zappa object.",
        )

        ##
        # Python Settings File
        ##
        settings_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
            "save-python-settings-file",
            parents=[env_parser],
            help="Generate & save the Zappa settings Python file for docker deployments",
        )
        settings_parser.add_argument(
            "-o",
            "--output_path",
            help=(
                "The path to save the Zappa settings Python file. "
                "File must be named zappa_settings.py and should be saved "
                "in the same directory as the Zappa handler.py"
            ),
        )

        argcomplete.autocomplete(parser)
        args = parser.parse_args(argv)
        self.vargs = vars(args)

        if args.color == "never":
            disable_click_colors()
        elif args.color == "always":
            # TODO: Support aggressive coloring like "--force-color" on all commands
            pass
        elif args.color == "auto":
            pass

        # Parse the input
        # NOTE(rmoe): Special case for manage command
        # The manage command can't have both stage_env and command_rest
        # arguments. Since they are both positional arguments argparse can't
        # differentiate the two. This causes problems when used with --all.
        # (e.g. "manage --all showmigrations admin" argparse thinks --all has
        # been specified AND that stage_env='showmigrations')
        # By having command_rest collect everything but --all we can split it
        # apart here instead of relying on argparse.
        if not args.command:
            parser.print_help()
            return

        if args.command == "manage" and not self.vargs.get("all"):
            self.stage_env = self.vargs["command_rest"].pop(0)
        else:
            self.stage_env = self.vargs.get("stage_env")

        if args.command == "package":
            self.load_credentials = False

        self.command = args.command

        self.disable_progress = self.vargs.get("disable_progress")
        if self.vargs.get("quiet"):
            self.silence()

        # We don't have any settings yet, so make those first!
        # (Settings-based interactions will fail
        # before a project has been initialized.)
        if self.command == "init":
            self.init()
            return

        # Make sure there isn't a new version available
        if not self.vargs.get("json"):
            self.check_for_update()

        # Load and Validate Settings File
        self.load_settings_file(self.vargs.get("settings_file"))

        # Should we execute this for all stages, or just one?
        all_stages = self.vargs.get("all")
        stages = []

        if all_stages:  # All stages!
            stages = self.zappa_settings.keys()
        else:  # Just one env.
            if not self.stage_env:
                # If there's only one stage defined in the settings,
                # use that as the default.
                if len(self.zappa_settings.keys()) == 1:
                    stages.append(list(self.zappa_settings.keys())[0])
                else:
                    parser.error("Please supply a stage to interact with.")
            else:
                stages.append(self.stage_env)

        for stage in stages:
            try:
                self.dispatch_command(self.command, stage)
            except ClickException as e:
                # Discussion on exit codes: https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/407
                e.show()
                sys.exit(e.exit_code)

    def dispatch_command(self, command, stage):
        """
        Given a command to execute and stage,
        execute that command.
        """
        self.check_stage_name(stage)
        self.api_stage = stage

        if command not in ["status", "manage"]:
            if not self.vargs.get("json", None):
                click.echo(
                    "Calling "
                    + click.style(command, fg="green", bold=True)
                    + " for stage "
                    + click.style(self.api_stage, bold=True)
                    + ".."
                )

        # Explicitly define the app function.
        # Related: https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/832
        if self.vargs.get("app_function", None):
            self.app_function = self.vargs["app_function"]

        # Load our settings, based on api_stage.
        try:
            self.load_settings(self.vargs.get("settings_file"))
        except ValueError as e:
            if hasattr(e, "message"):
                print("Error: {}".format(e.message))
            else:
                print(str(e))
            sys.exit(-1)
        self.callback("settings")

        # Hand it off
        if command == "deploy":  # pragma: no cover
            self.deploy(self.vargs["zip"], self.vargs["docker_image_uri"])
        if command == "package":  # pragma: no cover
            self.package(self.vargs["output"])
        if command == "template":  # pragma: no cover
            self.template(
                self.vargs["lambda_arn"],
                self.vargs["role_arn"],
                output=self.vargs["output"],
                json=self.vargs["json"],
            )
        elif command == "update":  # pragma: no cover
            self.update(
                self.vargs["zip"],
                self.vargs["no_upload"],
                self.vargs["docker_image_uri"],
            )
        elif command == "rollback":  # pragma: no cover
            self.rollback(self.vargs["num_rollback"])
        elif command == "invoke":  # pragma: no cover

            if not self.vargs.get("command_rest"):
                print("Please enter the function to invoke.")
                return

            self.invoke(
                self.vargs["command_rest"],
                raw_python=self.vargs["raw"],
                no_color=self.vargs["no_color"],
            )
        elif command == "manage":  # pragma: no cover

            if not self.vargs.get("command_rest"):
                print("Please enter the management command to invoke.")
                return

            if not self.django_settings:
                print("This command is for Django projects only!")
                print(
                    "If this is a Django project, please define django_settings in your zappa_settings."
                )
                return

            command_tail = self.vargs.get("command_rest")
            if len(command_tail) > 1:
                command = " ".join(
                    command_tail
                )  # ex: zappa manage dev "shell --version"
            else:
                command = command_tail[0]  # ex: zappa manage dev showmigrations admin

            self.invoke(
                command,
                command="manage",
                no_color=self.vargs["no_color"],
            )

        elif command == "tail":  # pragma: no cover
            self.tail(
                colorize=(not self.vargs["no_color"]),
                http=self.vargs["http"],
                non_http=self.vargs["non_http"],
                since=self.vargs["since"],
                filter_pattern=self.vargs["filter"],
                force_colorize=self.vargs["force_color"] or None,
                keep_open=not self.vargs["disable_keep_open"],
            )
        elif command == "undeploy":  # pragma: no cover
            self.undeploy(
                no_confirm=self.vargs["yes"], remove_logs=self.vargs["remove_logs"]
            )
        elif command == "schedule":  # pragma: no cover
            self.schedule()
        elif command == "unschedule":  # pragma: no cover
            self.unschedule()
        elif command == "status":  # pragma: no cover
            self.status(return_json=self.vargs["json"])
        elif command == "certify":  # pragma: no cover
            self.certify(no_confirm=self.vargs["yes"], manual=self.vargs["manual"])
        elif command == "shell":  # pragma: no cover
            self.shell()
        elif command == "save-python-settings-file":  # pragma: no cover
            self.save_python_settings_file(self.vargs["output_path"])

    ##
    # The Commands
    ##

    def save_python_settings_file(self, output_path=None):
        settings_path = output_path or "zappa_settings.py"
        print(
            "Generating Zappa settings Python file and saving to {}".format(
                settings_path
            )
        )
        if not settings_path.endswith("zappa_settings.py"):
            raise ValueError("Settings file must be named zappa_settings.py")
        zappa_settings_s = self.get_zappa_settings_string()
        with open(settings_path, "w") as f_out:
            f_out.write(zappa_settings_s)

    def package(self, output=None):
        """
        Only build the package
        """
        # Make sure we're in a venv.
        self.check_venv()

        # force not to delete the local zip
        self.override_stage_config_setting("delete_local_zip", False)
        # Execute the prebuild script
        if self.prebuild_script:
            self.execute_prebuild_script()
        # Create the Lambda Zip
        self.create_package(output)
        self.callback("zip")
        size = human_size(os.path.getsize(self.zip_path))
        click.echo(
            click.style("Package created", fg="green", bold=True)
            + ": "
            + click.style(self.zip_path, bold=True)
            + " ("
            + size
            + ")"
        )

    def template(self, lambda_arn, role_arn, output=None, json=False):
        """
        Only build the template file.
        """

        if not lambda_arn:
            raise ClickException("Lambda ARN is required to template.")

        if not role_arn:
            raise ClickException("Role ARN is required to template.")

        self.zappa.credentials_arn = role_arn

        # Create the template!
        template = self.zappa.create_stack_template(
            lambda_arn=lambda_arn,
            lambda_name=self.lambda_name,
            api_key_required=self.api_key_required,
            iam_authorization=self.iam_authorization,
            authorizer=self.authorizer,
            cors_options=self.cors,
            description=self.apigateway_description,
            endpoint_configuration=self.endpoint_configuration,
        )

        if not output:
            template_file = (
                self.lambda_name + "-template-" + str(int(time.time())) + ".json"
            )
        else:
            template_file = output
        with open(template_file, "wb") as out:
            out.write(
                bytes(template.to_json(indent=None, separators=(",", ":")), "utf-8")
            )

        if not json:
            click.echo(
                click.style("Template created", fg="green", bold=True)
                + ": "
                + click.style(template_file, bold=True)
            )
        else:
            with open(template_file, "r") as out:
                print(out.read())

    def deploy(self, source_zip=None, docker_image_uri=None):
        """
        Package your project, upload it to S3, register the Lambda function
        and create the API Gateway routes.
        """

        if not source_zip or docker_image_uri:
            # Make sure the necessary IAM execution roles are available
            if self.manage_roles:
                try:
                    self.zappa.create_iam_roles()
                except botocore.client.ClientError as ce:
                    raise ClickException(
                        click.style("Failed", fg="red")
                        + " to "
                        + click.style("manage IAM roles", bold=True)
                        + "!\n"
                        + "You may "
                        + click.style("lack the necessary AWS permissions", bold=True)
                        + " to automatically manage a Zappa execution role.\n"
                        + click.style("Exception reported by AWS:", bold=True)
                        + format(ce)
                        + "\n"
                        + "To fix this, see here: "
                        + click.style(
                            "https://github.com/Zappa/Zappa#custom-aws-iam-roles-and-policies-for-deployment",
                            bold=True,
                        )
                        + "\n"
                    )

        # Make sure this isn't already deployed.
        deployed_versions = self.zappa.get_lambda_function_versions(self.lambda_name)
        if len(deployed_versions) > 0:
            raise ClickException(
                "This application is "
                + click.style("already deployed", fg="red")
                + " - did you mean to call "
                + click.style("update", bold=True)
                + "?"
            )

        if not source_zip and not docker_image_uri:
            # Make sure we're in a venv.
            self.check_venv()

            # Execute the prebuild script
            if self.prebuild_script:
                self.execute_prebuild_script()

            # Create the Lambda Zip
            self.create_package()
            self.callback("zip")

            # Upload it to S3
            success = self.zappa.upload_to_s3(
                self.zip_path,
                self.s3_bucket_name,
                disable_progress=self.disable_progress,
            )
            if not success:  # pragma: no cover
                raise ClickException("Unable to upload to S3. Quitting.")

            # If using a slim handler, upload it to S3 and tell lambda to use this slim handler zip
            if self.stage_config.get("slim_handler", False):
                # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/510
                success = self.zappa.upload_to_s3(
                    self.handler_path,
                    self.s3_bucket_name,
                    disable_progress=self.disable_progress,
                )
                if not success:  # pragma: no cover
                    raise ClickException("Unable to upload handler to S3. Quitting.")

                # Copy the project zip to the current project zip
                current_project_name = "{0!s}_{1!s}_current_project.tar.gz".format(
                    self.api_stage, self.project_name
                )
                success = self.zappa.copy_on_s3(
                    src_file_name=self.zip_path,
                    dst_file_name=current_project_name,
                    bucket_name=self.s3_bucket_name,
                )
                if not success:  # pragma: no cover
                    raise ClickException(
                        "Unable to copy the zip to be the current project. Quitting."
                    )

                handler_file = self.handler_path
            else:
                handler_file = self.zip_path

        # Fixes https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/613
        try:
            self.lambda_arn = self.zappa.get_lambda_function(
                function_name=self.lambda_name
            )
        except botocore.client.ClientError:
            # Register the Lambda function with that zip as the source
            # You'll also need to define the path to your lambda_handler code.
            kwargs = dict(
                handler=self.lambda_handler,
                description=self.lambda_description,
                vpc_config=self.vpc_config,
                dead_letter_config=self.dead_letter_config,
                timeout=self.timeout_seconds,
                memory_size=self.memory_size,
                runtime=self.runtime,
                aws_environment_variables=self.aws_environment_variables,
                aws_kms_key_arn=self.aws_kms_key_arn,
                use_alb=self.use_alb,
                layers=self.layers,
                concurrency=self.lambda_concurrency,
            )
            kwargs["function_name"] = self.lambda_name
            if docker_image_uri:
                kwargs["docker_image_uri"] = docker_image_uri
            elif source_zip and source_zip.startswith("s3://"):
                bucket, key_name = parse_s3_url(source_zip)
                kwargs["bucket"] = bucket
                kwargs["s3_key"] = key_name
            elif source_zip and not source_zip.startswith("s3://"):
                with open(source_zip, mode="rb") as fh:
                    byte_stream = fh.read()
                kwargs["local_zip"] = byte_stream
            else:
                kwargs["bucket"] = self.s3_bucket_name
                kwargs["s3_key"] = handler_file

            self.lambda_arn = self.zappa.create_lambda_function(**kwargs)

        # Schedule events for this deployment
        self.schedule()

        endpoint_url = ""
        deployment_string = (
            click.style("Deployment complete", fg="green", bold=True) + "!"
        )

        if self.use_alb:
            kwargs = dict(
                lambda_arn=self.lambda_arn,
                lambda_name=self.lambda_name,
                alb_vpc_config=self.alb_vpc_config,
                timeout=self.timeout_seconds,
            )
            self.zappa.deploy_lambda_alb(**kwargs)

        if self.use_apigateway:

            # Create and configure the API Gateway
            template = self.zappa.create_stack_template(
                lambda_arn=self.lambda_arn,
                lambda_name=self.lambda_name,
                api_key_required=self.api_key_required,
                iam_authorization=self.iam_authorization,
                authorizer=self.authorizer,
                cors_options=self.cors,
                description=self.apigateway_description,
                endpoint_configuration=self.endpoint_configuration,
            )

            self.zappa.update_stack(
                self.lambda_name,
                self.s3_bucket_name,
                wait=True,
                disable_progress=self.disable_progress,
            )

            api_id = self.zappa.get_api_id(self.lambda_name)

            # Add binary support
            if self.binary_support:
                self.zappa.add_binary_support(api_id=api_id, cors=self.cors)

            # Add payload compression
            if self.stage_config.get("payload_compression", True):
                self.zappa.add_api_compression(
                    api_id=api_id,
                    min_compression_size=self.stage_config.get(
                        "payload_minimum_compression_size", 0
                    ),
                )

            # Deploy the API!
            endpoint_url = self.deploy_api_gateway(api_id)
            deployment_string = deployment_string + ": {}".format(endpoint_url)

            # Create/link API key
            if self.api_key_required:
                if self.api_key is None:
                    self.zappa.create_api_key(api_id=api_id, stage_name=self.api_stage)
                else:
                    self.zappa.add_api_stage_to_api_key(
                        api_key=self.api_key, api_id=api_id, stage_name=self.api_stage
                    )

            if self.stage_config.get("touch", True):
                self.zappa.wait_until_lambda_function_is_updated(
                    function_name=self.lambda_name
                )
                self.touch_endpoint(endpoint_url)

        # Finally, delete the local copy our zip package
        if not source_zip and not docker_image_uri:
            if self.stage_config.get("delete_local_zip", True):
                self.remove_local_zip()

        # Remove the project zip from S3.
        if not source_zip and not docker_image_uri:
            self.remove_uploaded_zip()

        self.callback("post")

        click.echo(deployment_string)

    def update(self, source_zip=None, no_upload=False, docker_image_uri=None):
        """
        Repackage and update the function code.
        """

        if not source_zip and not docker_image_uri:
            # Make sure we're in a venv.
            self.check_venv()

            # Execute the prebuild script
            if self.prebuild_script:
                self.execute_prebuild_script()

            # Temporary version check
            try:
                updated_time = 1472581018
                function_response = self.zappa.lambda_client.get_function(
                    FunctionName=self.lambda_name
                )
                conf = function_response["Configuration"]
                last_updated = parser.parse(conf["LastModified"])
                last_updated_unix = time.mktime(last_updated.timetuple())
            except botocore.exceptions.BotoCoreError as e:
                click.echo(click.style(type(e).__name__, fg="red") + ": " + e.args[0])
                sys.exit(-1)
            except Exception as e:
                click.echo(
                    click.style("Warning!", fg="red")
                    + " Couldn't get function "
                    + self.lambda_name
                    + " in "
                    + self.zappa.aws_region
                    + " - have you deployed yet?"
                )
                sys.exit(-1)

            if last_updated_unix <= updated_time:
                click.echo(
                    click.style("Warning!", fg="red")
                    + " You may have upgraded Zappa since deploying this application. You will need to "
                    + click.style("redeploy", bold=True)
                    + " for this deployment to work properly!"
                )

            # Make sure the necessary IAM execution roles are available
            if self.manage_roles:
                try:
                    self.zappa.create_iam_roles()
                except botocore.client.ClientError:
                    click.echo(
                        click.style("Failed", fg="red")
                        + " to "
                        + click.style("manage IAM roles", bold=True)
                        + "!"
                    )
                    click.echo(
                        "You may "
                        + click.style("lack the necessary AWS permissions", bold=True)
                        + " to automatically manage a Zappa execution role."
                    )
                    click.echo(
                        "To fix this, see here: "
                        + click.style(
                            "https://github.com/Zappa/Zappa#custom-aws-iam-roles-and-policies-for-deployment",
                            bold=True,
                        )
                    )
                    sys.exit(-1)

            # Create the Lambda Zip,
            if not no_upload:
                self.create_package()
                self.callback("zip")

            # Upload it to S3
            if not no_upload:
                success = self.zappa.upload_to_s3(
                    self.zip_path,
                    self.s3_bucket_name,
                    disable_progress=self.disable_progress,
                )
                if not success:  # pragma: no cover
                    raise ClickException("Unable to upload project to S3. Quitting.")

                # If using a slim handler, upload it to S3 and tell lambda to use this slim handler zip
                if self.stage_config.get("slim_handler", False):
                    # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/510
                    success = self.zappa.upload_to_s3(
                        self.handler_path,
                        self.s3_bucket_name,
                        disable_progress=self.disable_progress,
                    )
                    if not success:  # pragma: no cover
                        raise ClickException(
                            "Unable to upload handler to S3. Quitting."
                        )

                    # Copy the project zip to the current project zip
                    current_project_name = "{0!s}_{1!s}_current_project.tar.gz".format(
                        self.api_stage, self.project_name
                    )
                    success = self.zappa.copy_on_s3(
                        src_file_name=self.zip_path,
                        dst_file_name=current_project_name,
                        bucket_name=self.s3_bucket_name,
                    )
                    if not success:  # pragma: no cover
                        raise ClickException(
                            "Unable to copy the zip to be the current project. Quitting."
                        )

                    handler_file = self.handler_path
                else:
                    handler_file = self.zip_path

        # Register the Lambda function with that zip as the source
        # You'll also need to define the path to your lambda_handler code.
        kwargs = dict(
            bucket=self.s3_bucket_name,
            function_name=self.lambda_name,
            num_revisions=self.num_retained_versions,
            concurrency=self.lambda_concurrency,
        )
        if docker_image_uri:
            kwargs["docker_image_uri"] = docker_image_uri
            self.lambda_arn = self.zappa.update_lambda_function(**kwargs)
        elif source_zip and source_zip.startswith("s3://"):
            bucket, key_name = parse_s3_url(source_zip)
            kwargs.update(dict(bucket=bucket, s3_key=key_name))
            self.lambda_arn = self.zappa.update_lambda_function(**kwargs)
        elif source_zip and not source_zip.startswith("s3://"):
            with open(source_zip, mode="rb") as fh:
                byte_stream = fh.read()
            kwargs["local_zip"] = byte_stream
            self.lambda_arn = self.zappa.update_lambda_function(**kwargs)
        else:
            if not no_upload:
                kwargs["s3_key"] = handler_file
                self.lambda_arn = self.zappa.update_lambda_function(**kwargs)

        # Remove the uploaded zip from S3, because it is now registered..
        if not source_zip and not no_upload and not docker_image_uri:
            self.remove_uploaded_zip()

        # Update the configuration, in case there are changes.
        self.lambda_arn = self.zappa.update_lambda_configuration(
            lambda_arn=self.lambda_arn,
            function_name=self.lambda_name,
            handler=self.lambda_handler,
            description=self.lambda_description,
            vpc_config=self.vpc_config,
            timeout=self.timeout_seconds,
            memory_size=self.memory_size,
            runtime=self.runtime,
            aws_environment_variables=self.aws_environment_variables,
            aws_kms_key_arn=self.aws_kms_key_arn,
            layers=self.layers,
            wait=False,
        )

        # Finally, delete the local copy our zip package
        if not source_zip and not no_upload and not docker_image_uri:
            if self.stage_config.get("delete_local_zip", True):
                self.remove_local_zip()

        if self.use_apigateway:

            self.zappa.create_stack_template(
                lambda_arn=self.lambda_arn,
                lambda_name=self.lambda_name,
                api_key_required=self.api_key_required,
                iam_authorization=self.iam_authorization,
                authorizer=self.authorizer,
                cors_options=self.cors,
                description=self.apigateway_description,
                endpoint_configuration=self.endpoint_configuration,
            )
            self.zappa.update_stack(
                self.lambda_name,
                self.s3_bucket_name,
                wait=True,
                update_only=True,
                disable_progress=self.disable_progress,
            )

            api_id = self.zappa.get_api_id(self.lambda_name)

            # Update binary support
            if self.binary_support:
                self.zappa.add_binary_support(api_id=api_id, cors=self.cors)
            else:
                self.zappa.remove_binary_support(api_id=api_id, cors=self.cors)

            if self.stage_config.get("payload_compression", True):
                self.zappa.add_api_compression(
                    api_id=api_id,
                    min_compression_size=self.stage_config.get(
                        "payload_minimum_compression_size", 0
                    ),
                )
            else:
                self.zappa.remove_api_compression(api_id=api_id)

            # It looks a bit like we might actually be using this just to get the URL,
            # but we're also updating a few of the APIGW settings.
            endpoint_url = self.deploy_api_gateway(api_id)

            if self.stage_config.get("domain", None):
                endpoint_url = self.stage_config.get("domain")

        else:
            endpoint_url = None

        self.schedule()

        # Update any cognito pool with the lambda arn
        # do this after schedule as schedule clears the lambda policy and we need to add one
        self.update_cognito_triggers()

        self.callback("post")

        if endpoint_url and "https://" not in endpoint_url:
            endpoint_url = "https://" + endpoint_url

        if self.base_path:
            endpoint_url += "/" + self.base_path

        deployed_string = (
            "Your updated Zappa deployment is "
            + click.style("live", fg="green", bold=True)
            + "!"
        )
        if self.use_apigateway:
            deployed_string = (
                deployed_string
                + ": "
                + click.style("{}".format(endpoint_url), bold=True)
            )

            api_url = None
            if endpoint_url and "amazonaws.com" not in endpoint_url:
                api_url = self.zappa.get_api_url(self.lambda_name, self.api_stage)

                if endpoint_url != api_url:
                    deployed_string = deployed_string + " (" + api_url + ")"

            if self.stage_config.get("touch", True):
                self.zappa.wait_until_lambda_function_is_updated(
                    function_name=self.lambda_name
                )
                if api_url:
                    self.touch_endpoint(api_url)
                elif endpoint_url:
                    self.touch_endpoint(endpoint_url)

        click.echo(deployed_string)

    def rollback(self, revision):
        """
        Rollsback the currently deploy lambda code to a previous revision.
        """

        print("Rolling back..")

        self.zappa.rollback_lambda_function_version(
            self.lambda_name, versions_back=revision
        )
        print("Done!")

    def tail(
        self,
        since,
        filter_pattern,
        limit=10000,
        keep_open=True,
        colorize=True,
        http=False,
        non_http=False,
        force_colorize=False,
    ):
        """
        Tail this function's logs.
        if keep_open, do so repeatedly, printing any new logs
        """

        try:
            since_stamp = string_to_timestamp(since)

            last_since = since_stamp
            while True:
                new_logs = self.zappa.fetch_logs(
                    self.lambda_name,
                    start_time=since_stamp,
                    limit=limit,
                    filter_pattern=filter_pattern,
                )

                new_logs = [e for e in new_logs if e["timestamp"] > last_since]
                self.print_logs(new_logs, colorize, http, non_http, force_colorize)

                if not keep_open:
                    break
                if new_logs:
                    last_since = new_logs[-1]["timestamp"]
                time.sleep(1)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:  # pragma: no cover
            # Die gracefully
            try:
                sys.exit(0)
            except SystemExit:
                os._exit(130)

    def undeploy(self, no_confirm=False, remove_logs=False):
        """
        Tear down an existing deployment.
        """

        if not no_confirm:  # pragma: no cover
            confirm = input("Are you sure you want to undeploy? [y/n] ")
            if confirm != "y":
                return

        if self.use_alb:
            self.zappa.undeploy_lambda_alb(self.lambda_name)

        if self.use_apigateway:
            if remove_logs:
                self.zappa.remove_api_gateway_logs(self.lambda_name)

            domain_name = self.stage_config.get("domain", None)
            base_path = self.stage_config.get("base_path", None)

            # Only remove the api key when not specified
            if self.api_key_required and self.api_key is None:
                api_id = self.zappa.get_api_id(self.lambda_name)
                self.zappa.remove_api_key(api_id, self.api_stage)

            gateway_id = self.zappa.undeploy_api_gateway(
                self.lambda_name, domain_name=domain_name, base_path=base_path
            )

        self.unschedule()  # removes event triggers, including warm up event.

        self.zappa.delete_lambda_function(self.lambda_name)
        if remove_logs:
            self.zappa.remove_lambda_function_logs(self.lambda_name)

        click.echo(click.style("Done", fg="green", bold=True) + "!")

    def update_cognito_triggers(self):
        """
        Update any cognito triggers
        """
        if self.cognito:
            user_pool = self.cognito.get("user_pool")
            triggers = self.cognito.get("triggers", [])
            lambda_configs = set()
            for trigger in triggers:
                lambda_configs.add(trigger["source"].split("_")[0])
            self.zappa.update_cognito(
                self.lambda_name, user_pool, lambda_configs, self.lambda_arn
            )

    def schedule(self):
        """
        Given a a list of functions and a schedule to execute them,
        setup up regular execution.
        """
        events = self.stage_config.get("events", [])

        if events:
            if not isinstance(events, list):  # pragma: no cover
                print("Events must be supplied as a list.")
                return

        for event in events:
            self.collision_warning(event.get("function"))

        if self.stage_config.get("keep_warm", True):
            if not events:
                events = []

            keep_warm_rate = self.stage_config.get(
                "keep_warm_expression", "rate(4 minutes)"
            )
            events.append(
                {
                    "name": "zappa-keep-warm",
                    "function": "handler.keep_warm_callback",
                    "expression": keep_warm_rate,
                    "description": "Zappa Keep Warm - {}".format(self.lambda_name),
                }
            )

        if events:
            try:
                function_response = self.zappa.lambda_client.get_function(
                    FunctionName=self.lambda_name
                )
            except botocore.exceptions.ClientError as e:  # pragma: no cover
                click.echo(
                    click.style("Function does not exist", fg="yellow")
                    + ", please "
                    + click.style("deploy", bold=True)
                    + "first. Ex:"
                    + click.style("zappa deploy {}.".format(self.api_stage), bold=True)
                )
                sys.exit(-1)

            print("Scheduling..")
            self.zappa.schedule_events(
                lambda_arn=function_response["Configuration"]["FunctionArn"],
                lambda_name=self.lambda_name,
                events=events,
            )

        # Add async tasks SNS
        if self.stage_config.get(
            "async_source", None
        ) == "sns" and self.stage_config.get("async_resources", True):
            self.lambda_arn = self.zappa.get_lambda_function(
                function_name=self.lambda_name
            )
            topic_arn = self.zappa.create_async_sns_topic(
                lambda_name=self.lambda_name, lambda_arn=self.lambda_arn
            )
            click.echo("SNS Topic created: %s" % topic_arn)

        # Add async tasks DynamoDB
        table_name = self.stage_config.get("async_response_table", False)
        read_capacity = self.stage_config.get("async_response_table_read_capacity", 1)
        write_capacity = self.stage_config.get("async_response_table_write_capacity", 1)
        if table_name and self.stage_config.get("async_resources", True):
            created, response_table = self.zappa.create_async_dynamodb_table(
                table_name, read_capacity, write_capacity
            )
            if created:
                click.echo("DynamoDB table created: %s" % table_name)
            else:
                click.echo("DynamoDB table exists: %s" % table_name)
                provisioned_throughput = response_table["Table"][
                    "ProvisionedThroughput"
                ]
                if (
                    provisioned_throughput["ReadCapacityUnits"] != read_capacity
                    or provisioned_throughput["WriteCapacityUnits"] != write_capacity
                ):
                    click.echo(
                        click.style(
                            "\nWarning! Existing DynamoDB table ({}) does not match configured capacity.\n".format(
                                table_name
                            ),
                            fg="red",
                        )
                    )

    def unschedule(self):
        """
        Given a a list of scheduled functions,
        tear down their regular execution.
        """

        # Run even if events are not defined to remove previously existing ones (thus default to []).
        events = self.stage_config.get("events", [])

        if not isinstance(events, list):  # pragma: no cover
            print("Events must be supplied as a list.")
            return

        function_arn = None
        try:
            function_response = self.zappa.lambda_client.get_function(
                FunctionName=self.lambda_name
            )
            function_arn = function_response["Configuration"]["FunctionArn"]
        except botocore.exceptions.ClientError as e:  # pragma: no cover
            raise ClickException(
                "Function does not exist, you should deploy first. Ex: zappa deploy {}. "
                "Proceeding to unschedule CloudWatch based events.".format(
                    self.api_stage
                )
            )

        print("Unscheduling..")
        self.zappa.unschedule_events(
            lambda_name=self.lambda_name,
            lambda_arn=function_arn,
            events=events,
        )

        # Remove async task SNS
        if self.stage_config.get(
            "async_source", None
        ) == "sns" and self.stage_config.get("async_resources", True):
            removed_arns = self.zappa.remove_async_sns_topic(self.lambda_name)
            click.echo("SNS Topic removed: %s" % ", ".join(removed_arns))

    def invoke(self, function_name, raw_python=False, command=None, no_color=False):
        """
        Invoke a remote function.
        """

        # There are three likely scenarios for 'command' here:
        #   command, which is a modular function path
        #   raw_command, which is a string of python to execute directly
        #   manage, which is a Django-specific management command invocation
        key = command if command is not None else "command"
        if raw_python:
            command = {"raw_command": function_name}
        else:
            command = {key: function_name}

        # Can't use hjson
        import json as json

        response = self.zappa.invoke_lambda_function(
            self.lambda_name,
            json.dumps(command),
            invocation_type="RequestResponse",
        )

        print(self.format_lambda_response(response, not no_color))

        # For a successful request FunctionError is not in response.
        # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/pull/1254/
        if "FunctionError" in response:
            raise ClickException(
                "{} error occurred while invoking command.".format(
                    response["FunctionError"]
                )
            )

    def format_lambda_response(self, response, colorize=True):
        if "LogResult" in response:
            logresult_bytes = base64.b64decode(response["LogResult"])
            try:
                decoded = logresult_bytes.decode()
            except UnicodeDecodeError:
                return logresult_bytes
            else:
                if colorize and sys.stdout.isatty():
                    formatted = self.format_invoke_command(decoded)
                    return self.colorize_invoke_command(formatted)
                else:
                    return decoded
        else:
            return response

    def format_invoke_command(self, string):
        """
        Formats correctly the string output from the invoke() method,
        replacing line breaks and tabs when necessary.
        """

        string = string.replace("\\n", "\n")

        formated_response = ""
        for line in string.splitlines():
            if line.startswith("REPORT"):
                line = line.replace("\t", "\n")
            if line.startswith("[DEBUG]"):
                line = line.replace("\t", " ")
            formated_response += line + "\n"
        formated_response = formated_response.replace("\n\n", "\n")

        return formated_response

    def colorize_invoke_command(self, string):
        """
        Apply various heuristics to return a colorized version the invoke
        command string. If these fail, simply return the string in plaintext.
        Inspired by colorize_log_entry().
        """

        final_string = string

        try:

            # Line headers
            try:
                for token in ["START", "END", "REPORT", "[DEBUG]"]:
                    if token in final_string:
                        format_string = "[{}]"
                        # match whole words only
                        pattern = r"\b{}\b"
                        if token == "[DEBUG]":
                            format_string = "{}"
                            pattern = re.escape(token)
                        repl = click.style(
                            format_string.format(token), bold=True, fg="cyan"
                        )
                        final_string = re.sub(pattern.format(token), repl, final_string)
            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
                pass

            # Green bold Tokens
            try:
                for token in [
                    "Zappa Event:",
                    "RequestId:",
                    "Version:",
                    "Duration:",
                    "Billed",
                    "Memory Size:",
                    "Max Memory Used:",
                ]:
                    if token in final_string:
                        final_string = final_string.replace(
                            token, click.style(token, bold=True, fg="green")
                        )
            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
                pass

            # UUIDs
            for token in final_string.replace("\t", " ").split(" "):
                try:
                    if token.count("-") == 4 and token.replace("-", "").isalnum():
                        final_string = final_string.replace(
                            token, click.style(token, fg="magenta")
                        )
                except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
                    pass

            return final_string
        except Exception:
            return string

    def status(self, return_json=False):
        """
        Describe the status of the current deployment.
        """

        def tabular_print(title, value):
            """
            Convenience function for priting formatted table items.
            """
            click.echo(
                "%-*s%s" % (32, click.style("\t" + title, fg="green") + ":", str(value))
            )
            return

        # Lambda Env Details
        lambda_versions = self.zappa.get_lambda_function_versions(self.lambda_name)

        if not lambda_versions:
            raise ClickException(
                click.style(
                    "No Lambda %s detected in %s - have you deployed yet?"
                    % (self.lambda_name, self.zappa.aws_region),
                    fg="red",
                )
            )

        status_dict = collections.OrderedDict()
        status_dict["Lambda Versions"] = len(lambda_versions)
        function_response = self.zappa.lambda_client.get_function(
            FunctionName=self.lambda_name
        )
        conf = function_response["Configuration"]
        self.lambda_arn = conf["FunctionArn"]
        status_dict["Lambda Name"] = self.lambda_name
        status_dict["Lambda ARN"] = self.lambda_arn
        status_dict["Lambda Role ARN"] = conf["Role"]
        status_dict["Lambda Code Size"] = conf["CodeSize"]
        status_dict["Lambda Version"] = conf["Version"]
        status_dict["Lambda Last Modified"] = conf["LastModified"]
        status_dict["Lambda Memory Size"] = conf["MemorySize"]
        status_dict["Lambda Timeout"] = conf["Timeout"]
        # Handler & Runtime won't be present for lambda Docker deployments
        # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/2188
        status_dict["Lambda Handler"] = conf.get("Handler", "")
        status_dict["Lambda Runtime"] = conf.get("Runtime", "")
        if "VpcConfig" in conf.keys():
            status_dict["Lambda VPC ID"] = conf.get("VpcConfig", {}).get(
                "VpcId", "Not assigned"
            )
        else:
            status_dict["Lambda VPC ID"] = None

        # Calculated statistics
        try:
            function_invocations = self.zappa.cloudwatch.get_metric_statistics(
                Namespace="AWS/Lambda",
                MetricName="Invocations",
                StartTime=datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(days=1),
                EndTime=datetime.utcnow(),
                Period=1440,
                Statistics=["Sum"],
                Dimensions=[
                    {"Name": "FunctionName", "Value": "{}".format(self.lambda_name)}
                ],
            )["Datapoints"][0]["Sum"]
        except Exception as e:
            function_invocations = 0
        try:
            function_errors = self.zappa.cloudwatch.get_metric_statistics(
                Namespace="AWS/Lambda",
                MetricName="Errors",
                StartTime=datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(days=1),
                EndTime=datetime.utcnow(),
                Period=1440,
                Statistics=["Sum"],
                Dimensions=[
                    {"Name": "FunctionName", "Value": "{}".format(self.lambda_name)}
                ],
            )["Datapoints"][0]["Sum"]
        except Exception as e:
            function_errors = 0

        try:
            error_rate = "{0:.2f}%".format(function_errors / function_invocations * 100)
        except:
            error_rate = "Error calculating"
        status_dict["Invocations (24h)"] = int(function_invocations)
        status_dict["Errors (24h)"] = int(function_errors)
        status_dict["Error Rate (24h)"] = error_rate

        # URLs
        if self.use_apigateway:
            api_url = self.zappa.get_api_url(self.lambda_name, self.api_stage)

            status_dict["API Gateway URL"] = api_url

            # Api Keys
            api_id = self.zappa.get_api_id(self.lambda_name)
            for api_key in self.zappa.get_api_keys(api_id, self.api_stage):
                status_dict["API Gateway x-api-key"] = api_key

            # There literally isn't a better way to do this.
            # AWS provides no way to tie a APIGW domain name to its Lambda function.
            domain_url = self.stage_config.get("domain", None)
            base_path = self.stage_config.get("base_path", None)
            if domain_url:
                status_dict["Domain URL"] = "https://" + domain_url
                if base_path:
                    status_dict["Domain URL"] += "/" + base_path
            else:
                status_dict["Domain URL"] = "None Supplied"

        # Scheduled Events
        event_rules = self.zappa.get_event_rules_for_lambda(lambda_arn=self.lambda_arn)
        status_dict["Num. Event Rules"] = len(event_rules)
        if len(event_rules) > 0:
            status_dict["Events"] = []
        for rule in event_rules:
            event_dict = {}
            rule_name = rule["Name"]
            event_dict["Event Rule Name"] = rule_name
            event_dict["Event Rule Schedule"] = rule.get("ScheduleExpression", None)
            event_dict["Event Rule State"] = rule.get("State", None).title()
            event_dict["Event Rule ARN"] = rule.get("Arn", None)
            status_dict["Events"].append(event_dict)

        if return_json:
            # Putting the status in machine readable format
            # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/407
            print(json.dumpsJSON(status_dict))
        else:
            click.echo("Status for " + click.style(self.lambda_name, bold=True) + ": ")
            for k, v in status_dict.items():
                if k == "Events":
                    # Events are a list of dicts
                    for event in v:
                        for item_k, item_v in event.items():
                            tabular_print(item_k, item_v)
                else:
                    tabular_print(k, v)

        # TODO: S3/SQS/etc. type events?

        return True

    def check_stage_name(self, stage_name):
        """
        Make sure the stage name matches the AWS-allowed pattern
        (calls to apigateway_client.create_deployment, will fail with error
        message "ClientError: An error occurred (BadRequestException) when
        calling the CreateDeployment operation: Stage name only allows
        a-zA-Z0-9_" if the pattern does not match)
        """
        if not self.use_apigateway:
            return True
        if self.stage_name_env_pattern.match(stage_name):
            return True
        raise ValueError(
            "API stage names must match a-zA-Z0-9_ ; '{0!s}' does not.".format(
                stage_name
            )
        )

    def check_environment(self, environment):
        """
        Make sure the environment contains only strings
        (since putenv needs a string)
        """

        non_strings = []
        for (k, v) in environment.items():
            if not isinstance(v, basestring):
                non_strings.append(k)
        if non_strings:
            raise ValueError(
                "The following environment variables are not strings: {}".format(
                    ", ".join(non_strings)
                )
            )
        else:
            return True

    def init(self, settings_file="zappa_settings.json"):
        """
        Initialize a new Zappa project by creating a new zappa_settings.json in a guided process.
        This should probably be broken up into few separate componants once it's stable.
        Testing these inputs requires monkeypatching with mock, which isn't pretty.
        """

        # Make sure we're in a venv.
        self.check_venv()

        # Ensure that we don't already have a zappa_settings file.
        if os.path.isfile(settings_file):
            raise ClickException(
                "This project already has a "
                + click.style("{0!s} file".format(settings_file), fg="red", bold=True)
                + "!"
            )

        # Explain system.
        click.echo(
            click.style(
                """\n███████╗ █████╗ ██████╗ ██████╗  █████╗
╚══███╔╝██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██╔══██╗
  ███╔╝ ███████║██████╔╝██████╔╝███████║
 ███╔╝  ██╔══██║██╔═══╝ ██╔═══╝ ██╔══██║
███████╗██║  ██║██║     ██║     ██║  ██║
╚══════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝╚═╝     ╚═╝     ╚═╝  ╚═╝\n""",
                fg="green",
                bold=True,
            )
        )

        click.echo(
            click.style("Welcome to ", bold=True)
            + click.style("Zappa", fg="green", bold=True)
            + click.style("!\n", bold=True)
        )
        click.echo(
            click.style("Zappa", bold=True)
            + " is a system for running server-less Python web applications"
            " on AWS Lambda and AWS API Gateway."
        )
        click.echo(
            "This `init` command will help you create and configure your new Zappa deployment."
        )
        click.echo("Let's get started!\n")

        # Create Env
        while True:
            click.echo(
                "Your Zappa configuration can support multiple production stages, like '"
                + click.style("dev", bold=True)
                + "', '"
                + click.style("staging", bold=True)
                + "', and '"
                + click.style("production", bold=True)
                + "'."
            )
            env = (
                input("What do you want to call this environment (default 'dev'): ")
                or "dev"
            )
            try:
                self.check_stage_name(env)
                break
            except ValueError:
                click.echo(click.style("Stage names must match a-zA-Z0-9_", fg="red"))

        # Detect AWS profiles and regions
        # If anyone knows a more straightforward way to easily detect and parse AWS profiles I'm happy to change this, feels like a hack
        session = botocore.session.Session()
        config = session.full_config
        profiles = config.get("profiles", {})
        profile_names = list(profiles.keys())

        click.echo(
            "\nAWS Lambda and API Gateway are only available in certain regions. "
            "Let's check to make sure you have a profile set up in one that will work."
        )

        if not profile_names:
            profile_name, profile = None, None
            click.echo(
                "We couldn't find an AWS profile to use. Before using Zappa, you'll need to set one up. See here for more info: {}".format(
                    click.style(BOTO3_CONFIG_DOCS_URL, fg="blue", underline=True)
                )
            )
        elif len(profile_names) == 1:
            profile_name = profile_names[0]
            profile = profiles[profile_name]
            click.echo(
                "Okay, using profile {}!".format(click.style(profile_name, bold=True))
            )
        else:
            if "default" in profile_names:
                default_profile = [p for p in profile_names if p == "default"][0]
            else:
                default_profile = profile_names[0]

            while True:
                profile_name = (
                    input(
                        "We found the following profiles: {}, and {}. "
                        "Which would you like us to use? (default '{}'): ".format(
                            ", ".join(profile_names[:-1]),
                            profile_names[-1],
                            default_profile,
                        )
                    )
                    or default_profile
                )
                if profile_name in profiles:
                    profile = profiles[profile_name]
                    break
                else:
                    click.echo("Please enter a valid name for your AWS profile.")

        profile_region = profile.get("region") if profile else None

        # Create Bucket
        click.echo(
            "\nYour Zappa deployments will need to be uploaded to a "
            + click.style("private S3 bucket", bold=True)
            + "."
        )
        click.echo("If you don't have a bucket yet, we'll create one for you too.")
        default_bucket = "zappa-" + "".join(
            random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits) for _ in range(9)
        )
        while True:
            bucket = (
                input(
                    "What do you want to call your bucket? (default '%s'): "
                    % default_bucket
                )
                or default_bucket
            )

            if is_valid_bucket_name(bucket):
                break

            click.echo(click.style("Invalid bucket name!", bold=True))
            click.echo("S3 buckets must be named according to the following rules:")
            click.echo(
                """* Bucket names must be unique across all existing bucket names in Amazon S3.
* Bucket names must comply with DNS naming conventions.
* Bucket names must be at least 3 and no more than 63 characters long.
* Bucket names must not contain uppercase characters or underscores.
* Bucket names must start with a lowercase letter or number.
* Bucket names must be a series of one or more labels. Adjacent labels are separated
  by a single period (.). Bucket names can contain lowercase letters, numbers, and
  hyphens. Each label must start and end with a lowercase letter or a number.
* Bucket names must not be formatted as an IP address (for example, 192.168.5.4).
* When you use virtual hosted–style buckets with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), the SSL
  wildcard certificate only matches buckets that don't contain periods. To work around
  this, use HTTP or write your own certificate verification logic. We recommend that
  you do not use periods (".") in bucket names when using virtual hosted–style buckets.
"""
            )

        # Detect Django/Flask
        try:  # pragma: no cover
            import django

            has_django = True
        except ImportError as e:
            has_django = False

        try:  # pragma: no cover
            import flask

            has_flask = True
        except ImportError as e:
            has_flask = False

        print("")
        # App-specific
        if has_django:  # pragma: no cover
            click.echo(
                "It looks like this is a "
                + click.style("Django", bold=True)
                + " application!"
            )
            click.echo(
                "What is the "
                + click.style("module path", bold=True)
                + " to your projects's Django settings?"
            )
            django_settings = None

            matches = detect_django_settings()
            while django_settings in [None, ""]:
                if matches:
                    click.echo(
                        "We discovered: "
                        + click.style(
                            ", ".join("{}".format(i) for v, i in enumerate(matches)),
                            bold=True,
                        )
                    )
                    django_settings = (
                        input(
                            "Where are your project's settings? (default '%s'): "
                            % matches[0]
                        )
                        or matches[0]
                    )
                else:
                    click.echo(
                        "(This will likely be something like 'your_project.settings')"
                    )
                    django_settings = input("Where are your project's settings?: ")
            django_settings = django_settings.replace("'", "")
            django_settings = django_settings.replace('"', "")
        else:
            matches = None
            if has_flask:
                click.echo(
                    "It looks like this is a "
                    + click.style("Flask", bold=True)
                    + " application."
                )
                matches = detect_flask_apps()
            click.echo(
                "What's the "
                + click.style("modular path", bold=True)
                + " to your app's function?"
            )
            click.echo("This will likely be something like 'your_module.app'.")
            app_function = None
            while app_function in [None, ""]:
                if matches:
                    click.echo(
                        "We discovered: "
                        + click.style(
                            ", ".join("{}".format(i) for v, i in enumerate(matches)),
                            bold=True,
                        )
                    )
                    app_function = (
                        input(
                            "Where is your app's function? (default '%s'): "
                            % matches[0]
                        )
                        or matches[0]
                    )
                else:
                    app_function = input("Where is your app's function?: ")
            app_function = app_function.replace("'", "")
            app_function = app_function.replace('"', "")

        # TODO: Create VPC?
        # Memory size? Time limit?
        # Domain? LE keys? Region?
        # 'Advanced Settings' mode?

        # Globalize
        click.echo(
            "\nYou can optionally deploy to "
            + click.style("all available regions", bold=True)
            + " in order to provide fast global service."
        )
        click.echo(
            "If you are using Zappa for the first time, you probably don't want to do this!"
        )
        global_deployment = False
        while True:
            global_type = input(
                "Would you like to deploy this application "
                + click.style("globally", bold=True)
                + "? (default 'n') [y/n/(p)rimary]: "
            )
            if not global_type:
                break
            if global_type.lower() in ["y", "yes", "p", "primary"]:
                global_deployment = True
                break
            if global_type.lower() in ["n", "no"]:
                global_deployment = False
                break

        # The given environment name
        zappa_settings = {
            env: {
                "profile_name": profile_name,
                "s3_bucket": bucket,
                "runtime": get_venv_from_python_version(),
                "project_name": self.get_project_name(),
            }
        }

        if profile_region:
            zappa_settings[env]["aws_region"] = profile_region

        if has_django:
            zappa_settings[env]["django_settings"] = django_settings
        else:
            zappa_settings[env]["app_function"] = app_function

        # Global Region Deployment
        if global_deployment:
            additional_regions = [r for r in API_GATEWAY_REGIONS if r != profile_region]
            # Create additional stages
            if global_type.lower() in ["p", "primary"]:
                additional_regions = [r for r in additional_regions if "-1" in r]

            for region in additional_regions:
                env_name = env + "_" + region.replace("-", "_")
                g_env = {env_name: {"extends": env, "aws_region": region}}
                zappa_settings.update(g_env)

        import json as json  # hjson is fine for loading, not fine for writing.

        zappa_settings_json = json.dumps(zappa_settings, sort_keys=True, indent=4)

        click.echo(
            "\nOkay, here's your "
            + click.style("zappa_settings.json", bold=True)
            + ":\n"
        )
        click.echo(click.style(zappa_settings_json, fg="yellow", bold=False))

        confirm = (
            input(
                "\nDoes this look "
                + click.style("okay", bold=True, fg="green")
                + "? (default 'y') [y/n]: "
            )
            or "yes"
        )
        if confirm[0] not in ["y", "Y", "yes", "YES"]:
            click.echo(
                ""
                + click.style("Sorry", bold=True, fg="red")
                + " to hear that! Please init again."
            )
            return

        # Write
        with open("zappa_settings.json", "w") as zappa_settings_file:
            zappa_settings_file.write(zappa_settings_json)

        if global_deployment:
            click.echo(
                "\n"
                + click.style("Done", bold=True)
                + "! You can also "
                + click.style("deploy all", bold=True)
                + " by executing:\n"
            )
            click.echo(click.style("\t$ zappa deploy --all", bold=True))

            click.echo(
                "\nAfter that, you can "
                + click.style("update", bold=True)
                + " your application code with:\n"
            )
            click.echo(click.style("\t$ zappa update --all", bold=True))
        else:
            click.echo(
                "\n"
                + click.style("Done", bold=True)
                + "! Now you can "
                + click.style("deploy", bold=True)
                + " your Zappa application by executing:\n"
            )
            click.echo(click.style("\t$ zappa deploy %s" % env, bold=True))

            click.echo(
                "\nAfter that, you can "
                + click.style("update", bold=True)
                + " your application code with:\n"
            )
            click.echo(click.style("\t$ zappa update %s" % env, bold=True))

        click.echo(
            "\nTo learn more, check out our project page on "
            + click.style("GitHub", bold=True)
            + " here: "
            + click.style("https://github.com/Zappa/Zappa", fg="cyan", bold=True)
        )
        click.echo(
            "and stop by our "
            + click.style("Slack", bold=True)
            + " channel here: "
            + click.style("https://zappateam.slack.com", fg="cyan", bold=True)
        )
        click.echo("\nEnjoy!,")
        click.echo(" ~ Team " + click.style("Zappa", bold=True) + "!")

        return

    def certify(self, no_confirm=True, manual=False):
        """
        Register or update a domain certificate for this env.
        """

        if not self.domain:
            raise ClickException(
                "Can't certify a domain without "
                + click.style("domain", fg="red", bold=True)
                + " configured!"
            )

        if not no_confirm:  # pragma: no cover
            confirm = input("Are you sure you want to certify? [y/n] ")
            if confirm != "y":
                return

        # Make sure this isn't already deployed.
        deployed_versions = self.zappa.get_lambda_function_versions(self.lambda_name)
        if len(deployed_versions) == 0:
            raise ClickException(
                "This application "
                + click.style("isn't deployed yet", fg="red")
                + " - did you mean to call "
                + click.style("deploy", bold=True)
                + "?"
            )

        account_key_location = self.stage_config.get("lets_encrypt_key", None)
        cert_location = self.stage_config.get("certificate", None)
        cert_key_location = self.stage_config.get("certificate_key", None)
        cert_chain_location = self.stage_config.get("certificate_chain", None)
        cert_arn = self.stage_config.get("certificate_arn", None)
        base_path = self.stage_config.get("base_path", None)

        # These are sensitive
        certificate_body = None
        certificate_private_key = None
        certificate_chain = None

        # Prepare for custom Let's Encrypt
        if not cert_location and not cert_arn:
            if not account_key_location:
                raise ClickException(
                    "Can't certify a domain without "
                    + click.style("lets_encrypt_key", fg="red", bold=True)
                    + " or "
                    + click.style("certificate", fg="red", bold=True)
                    + " or "
                    + click.style("certificate_arn", fg="red", bold=True)
                    + " configured!"
                )

            # Get install account_key to /tmp/account_key.pem
            from .letsencrypt import gettempdir

            if account_key_location.startswith("s3://"):
                bucket, key_name = parse_s3_url(account_key_location)
                self.zappa.s3_client.download_file(
                    bucket, key_name, os.path.join(gettempdir(), "account.key")
                )
            else:
                from shutil import copyfile

                copyfile(
                    account_key_location, os.path.join(gettempdir(), "account.key")
                )

        # Prepare for Custom SSL
        elif not account_key_location and not cert_arn:
            if not cert_location or not cert_key_location or not cert_chain_location:
                raise ClickException(
                    "Can't certify a domain without "
                    + click.style(
                        "certificate, certificate_key and certificate_chain",
                        fg="red",
                        bold=True,
                    )
                    + " configured!"
                )

            # Read the supplied certificates.
            with open(cert_location) as f:
                certificate_body = f.read()

            with open(cert_key_location) as f:
                certificate_private_key = f.read()

            with open(cert_chain_location) as f:
                certificate_chain = f.read()

        click.echo(
            "Certifying domain "
            + click.style(self.domain, fg="green", bold=True)
            + ".."
        )

        # Get cert and update domain.

        # Let's Encrypt
        if not cert_location and not cert_arn:
            from .letsencrypt import get_cert_and_update_domain

            cert_success = get_cert_and_update_domain(
                self.zappa, self.lambda_name, self.api_stage, self.domain, manual
            )

        # Custom SSL / ACM
        else:
            route53 = self.stage_config.get("route53_enabled", True)
            if not self.zappa.get_domain_name(self.domain, route53=route53):
                dns_name = self.zappa.create_domain_name(
                    domain_name=self.domain,
                    certificate_name=self.domain + "-Zappa-Cert",
                    certificate_body=certificate_body,
                    certificate_private_key=certificate_private_key,
                    certificate_chain=certificate_chain,
                    certificate_arn=cert_arn,
                    lambda_name=self.lambda_name,
                    stage=self.api_stage,
                    base_path=base_path,
                )
                if route53:
                    self.zappa.update_route53_records(self.domain, dns_name)
                print(
                    "Created a new domain name with supplied certificate. Please note that it can take up to 40 minutes for this domain to be "
                    "created and propagated through AWS, but it requires no further work on your part."
                )
            else:
                self.zappa.update_domain_name(
                    domain_name=self.domain,
                    certificate_name=self.domain + "-Zappa-Cert",
                    certificate_body=certificate_body,
                    certificate_private_key=certificate_private_key,
                    certificate_chain=certificate_chain,
                    certificate_arn=cert_arn,
                    lambda_name=self.lambda_name,
                    stage=self.api_stage,
                    route53=route53,
                    base_path=base_path,
                )

            cert_success = True

        if cert_success:
            click.echo(
                "Certificate " + click.style("updated", fg="green", bold=True) + "!"
            )
        else:
            click.echo(
                click.style("Failed", fg="red", bold=True)
                + " to generate or install certificate! :("
            )
            click.echo("\n==============\n")
            shamelessly_promote()

    ##
    # Shell
    ##
    def shell(self):
        """
        Spawn a debug shell.
        """
        click.echo(
            click.style("NOTICE!", fg="yellow", bold=True)
            + " This is a "
            + click.style("local", fg="green", bold=True)
            + " shell, inside a "
            + click.style("Zappa", bold=True)
            + " object!"
        )
        self.zappa.shell()
        return

    ##
    # Utility
    ##

    def callback(self, position):
        """
        Allows the execution of custom code between creation of the zip file and deployment to AWS.
        :return: None
        """

        callbacks = self.stage_config.get("callbacks", {})
        callback = callbacks.get(position)

        if callback:
            (mod_path, cb_func_name) = callback.rsplit(".", 1)

            try:  # Prefer callback in working directory
                if mod_path.count(".") >= 1:  # Callback function is nested in a folder
                    (mod_folder_path, mod_name) = mod_path.rsplit(".", 1)
                    mod_folder_path_fragments = mod_folder_path.split(".")
                    working_dir = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), *mod_folder_path_fragments)
                else:
                    mod_name = mod_path
                    working_dir = os.getcwd()

                working_dir_importer = pkgutil.get_importer(working_dir)
                module_ = working_dir_importer.find_module(mod_name).load_module(
                    mod_name
                )

            except (ImportError, AttributeError):

                try:  # Callback func might be in virtualenv
                    module_ = importlib.import_module(mod_path)
                except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
                    raise ClickException(
                        click.style("Failed ", fg="red")
                        + "to "
                        + click.style(
                            "import {position} callback ".format(position=position),
                            bold=True,
                        )
                        + 'module: "{mod_path}"'.format(
                            mod_path=click.style(mod_path, bold=True)
                        )
                    )

            if not hasattr(module_, cb_func_name):  # pragma: no cover
                raise ClickException(
                    click.style("Failed ", fg="red")
                    + "to "
                    + click.style(
                        "find {position} callback ".format(position=position), bold=True
                    )
                    + 'function: "{cb_func_name}" '.format(
                        cb_func_name=click.style(cb_func_name, bold=True)
                    )
                    + 'in module "{mod_path}"'.format(mod_path=mod_path)
                )

            cb_func = getattr(module_, cb_func_name)
            cb_func(self)  # Call the function passing self

    def check_for_update(self):
        """
        Print a warning if there's a new Zappa version available.
        """
        try:
            version = pkg_resources.require("zappa")[0].version
            updateable = check_new_version_available(version)
            if updateable:
                click.echo(
                    click.style("Important!", fg="yellow", bold=True)
                    + " A new version of "
                    + click.style("Zappa", bold=True)
                    + " is available!"
                )
                click.echo(
                    "Upgrade with: "
                    + click.style("pip install zappa --upgrade", bold=True)
                )
                click.echo(
                    "Visit the project page on GitHub to see the latest changes: "
                    + click.style("https://github.com/Zappa/Zappa", bold=True)
                )
        except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover
            print(e)
            return

    def load_settings(self, settings_file=None, session=None):
        """
        Load the local zappa_settings file.
        An existing boto session can be supplied, though this is likely for testing purposes.
        Returns the loaded Zappa object.
        """

        # Ensure we're passed a valid settings file.
        if not settings_file:
            settings_file = self.get_json_or_yaml_settings()
        if not os.path.isfile(settings_file):
            raise ClickException("Please configure your zappa_settings file.")

        # Load up file
        self.load_settings_file(settings_file)

        # Make sure that this stage is our settings
        if self.api_stage not in self.zappa_settings.keys():
            raise ClickException(
                "Please define stage '{0!s}' in your Zappa settings.".format(
                    self.api_stage
                )
            )

        # We need a working title for this project. Use one if supplied, else cwd dirname.
        if "project_name" in self.stage_config:  # pragma: no cover
            # If the name is invalid, this will throw an exception with message up stack
            self.project_name = validate_name(self.stage_config["project_name"])
        else:
            self.project_name = self.get_project_name()

        # The name of the actual AWS Lambda function, ex, 'helloworld-dev'
        # Assume that we already have have validated the name beforehand.
        # Related:  https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/pull/664
        #           https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/678
        #           And various others from Slack.
        self.lambda_name = slugify.slugify(self.project_name + "-" + self.api_stage)

        # Load stage-specific settings
        self.s3_bucket_name = self.stage_config.get(
            "s3_bucket",
            "zappa-"
            + "".join(
                random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits) for _ in range(9)
            ),
        )
        self.vpc_config = self.stage_config.get("vpc_config", {})
        self.memory_size = self.stage_config.get("memory_size", 512)
        self.app_function = self.stage_config.get("app_function", None)
        self.exception_handler = self.stage_config.get("exception_handler", None)
        self.aws_region = self.stage_config.get("aws_region", None)
        self.debug = self.stage_config.get("debug", True)
        self.prebuild_script = self.stage_config.get("prebuild_script", None)
        self.profile_name = self.stage_config.get("profile_name", None)
        self.log_level = self.stage_config.get("log_level", "DEBUG")
        self.domain = self.stage_config.get("domain", None)
        self.base_path = self.stage_config.get("base_path", None)
        self.timeout_seconds = self.stage_config.get("timeout_seconds", 30)
        dead_letter_arn = self.stage_config.get("dead_letter_arn", "")
        self.dead_letter_config = (
            {"TargetArn": dead_letter_arn} if dead_letter_arn else {}
        )
        self.cognito = self.stage_config.get("cognito", None)
        self.num_retained_versions = self.stage_config.get(
            "num_retained_versions", None
        )

        # Check for valid values of num_retained_versions
        if (
            self.num_retained_versions is not None
            and type(self.num_retained_versions) is not int
        ):
            raise ClickException(
                "Please supply either an integer or null for num_retained_versions in the zappa_settings.json. Found %s"
                % type(self.num_retained_versions)
            )
        elif type(self.num_retained_versions) is int and self.num_retained_versions < 1:
            raise ClickException(
                "The value for num_retained_versions in the zappa_settings.json should be greater than 0."
            )

        # Provide legacy support for `use_apigateway`, now `apigateway_enabled`.
        # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/490
        # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/493
        self.use_apigateway = self.stage_config.get("use_apigateway", True)
        if self.use_apigateway:
            self.use_apigateway = self.stage_config.get("apigateway_enabled", True)
        self.apigateway_description = self.stage_config.get(
            "apigateway_description", None
        )

        self.lambda_handler = self.stage_config.get(
            "lambda_handler", "handler.lambda_handler"
        )
        # DEPRECATED. https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/456
        self.remote_env_bucket = self.stage_config.get("remote_env_bucket", None)
        self.remote_env_file = self.stage_config.get("remote_env_file", None)
        self.remote_env = self.stage_config.get("remote_env", None)
        self.settings_file = self.stage_config.get("settings_file", None)
        self.django_settings = self.stage_config.get("django_settings", None)
        self.manage_roles = self.stage_config.get("manage_roles", True)
        self.binary_support = self.stage_config.get("binary_support", True)
        self.api_key_required = self.stage_config.get("api_key_required", False)
        self.api_key = self.stage_config.get("api_key")
        self.endpoint_configuration = self.stage_config.get(
            "endpoint_configuration", None
        )
        self.iam_authorization = self.stage_config.get("iam_authorization", False)
        self.cors = self.stage_config.get("cors", False)
        self.lambda_description = self.stage_config.get(
            "lambda_description", "Zappa Deployment"
        )
        self.lambda_concurrency = self.stage_config.get("lambda_concurrency", None)
        self.environment_variables = self.stage_config.get("environment_variables", {})
        self.aws_environment_variables = self.stage_config.get(
            "aws_environment_variables", {}
        )
        self.check_environment(self.environment_variables)
        self.authorizer = self.stage_config.get("authorizer", {})
        self.runtime = self.stage_config.get(
            "runtime", get_runtime_from_python_version()
        )
        self.aws_kms_key_arn = self.stage_config.get("aws_kms_key_arn", "")
        self.context_header_mappings = self.stage_config.get(
            "context_header_mappings", {}
        )
        self.xray_tracing = self.stage_config.get("xray_tracing", False)
        self.desired_role_arn = self.stage_config.get("role_arn")
        self.layers = self.stage_config.get("layers", None)

        # Load ALB-related settings
        self.use_alb = self.stage_config.get("alb_enabled", False)
        self.alb_vpc_config = self.stage_config.get("alb_vpc_config", {})

        # Additional tags
        self.tags = self.stage_config.get("tags", {})

        desired_role_name = self.lambda_name + "-ZappaLambdaExecutionRole"
        self.zappa = Zappa(
            boto_session=session,
            profile_name=self.profile_name,
            aws_region=self.aws_region,
            load_credentials=self.load_credentials,
            desired_role_name=desired_role_name,
            desired_role_arn=self.desired_role_arn,
            runtime=self.runtime,
            tags=self.tags,
            endpoint_urls=self.stage_config.get("aws_endpoint_urls", {}),
            xray_tracing=self.xray_tracing,
        )

        for setting in CUSTOM_SETTINGS:
            if setting in self.stage_config:
                setting_val = self.stage_config[setting]
                # Read the policy file contents.
                if setting.endswith("policy"):
                    with open(setting_val, "r") as f:
                        setting_val = f.read()
                setattr(self.zappa, setting, setting_val)

        if self.app_function:
            self.collision_warning(self.app_function)
            if self.app_function[-3:] == ".py":
                click.echo(
                    click.style("Warning!", fg="red", bold=True)
                    + " Your app_function is pointing to a "
                    + click.style("file and not a function", bold=True)
                    + "! It should probably be something like 'my_file.app', not 'my_file.py'!"
                )

        return self.zappa

    def get_json_or_yaml_settings(self, settings_name="zappa_settings"):
        """
        Return zappa_settings path as JSON or YAML (or TOML), as appropriate.
        """
        zs_json = settings_name + ".json"
        zs_yml = settings_name + ".yml"
        zs_yaml = settings_name + ".yaml"
        zs_toml = settings_name + ".toml"

        # Must have at least one
        if (
            not os.path.isfile(zs_json)
            and not os.path.isfile(zs_yml)
            and not os.path.isfile(zs_yaml)
            and not os.path.isfile(zs_toml)
        ):
            raise ClickException(
                "Please configure a zappa_settings file or call `zappa init`."
            )

        # Prefer JSON
        if os.path.isfile(zs_json):
            settings_file = zs_json
        elif os.path.isfile(zs_toml):
            settings_file = zs_toml
        elif os.path.isfile(zs_yml):
            settings_file = zs_yml
        else:
            settings_file = zs_yaml

        return settings_file

    def load_settings_file(self, settings_file=None):
        """
        Load our settings file.
        """

        if not settings_file:
            settings_file = self.get_json_or_yaml_settings()
        if not os.path.isfile(settings_file):
            raise ClickException(
                "Please configure your zappa_settings file or call `zappa init`."
            )

        path, ext = os.path.splitext(settings_file)
        if ext == ".yml" or ext == ".yaml":
            with open(settings_file) as yaml_file:
                try:
                    self.zappa_settings = yaml.safe_load(yaml_file)
                except ValueError:  # pragma: no cover
                    raise ValueError(
                        "Unable to load the Zappa settings YAML. It may be malformed."
                    )
        elif ext == ".toml":
            with open(settings_file) as toml_file:
                try:
                    self.zappa_settings = toml.load(toml_file)
                except ValueError:  # pragma: no cover
                    raise ValueError(
                        "Unable to load the Zappa settings TOML. It may be malformed."
                    )
        else:
            with open(settings_file) as json_file:
                try:
                    self.zappa_settings = json.load(json_file)
                except ValueError:  # pragma: no cover
                    raise ValueError(
                        "Unable to load the Zappa settings JSON. It may be malformed."
                    )

    def create_package(self, output=None):
        """
        Ensure that the package can be properly configured,
        and then create it.
        """

        # Create the Lambda zip package (includes project and virtualenvironment)
        # Also define the path the handler file so it can be copied to the zip
        # root for Lambda.
        current_file = os.path.dirname(
            os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))
        )
        handler_file = (
            os.sep.join(current_file.split(os.sep)[0:]) + os.sep + "handler.py"
        )

        # Create the zip file(s)
        if self.stage_config.get("slim_handler", False):
            # Create two zips. One with the application and the other with just the handler.
            # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/510
            self.zip_path = self.zappa.create_lambda_zip(
                prefix=self.lambda_name,
                use_precompiled_packages=self.stage_config.get(
                    "use_precompiled_packages", True
                ),
                exclude=self.stage_config.get("exclude", []),
                exclude_glob=self.stage_config.get("exclude_glob", []),
                disable_progress=self.disable_progress,
                archive_format="tarball",
            )

            # Make sure the normal venv is not included in the handler's zip
            exclude = self.stage_config.get("exclude", [])
            cur_venv = self.zappa.get_current_venv()
            exclude.append(cur_venv.split("/")[-1])
            self.handler_path = self.zappa.create_lambda_zip(
                prefix="handler_{0!s}".format(self.lambda_name),
                venv=self.zappa.create_handler_venv(),
                handler_file=handler_file,
                slim_handler=True,
                exclude=exclude,
                exclude_glob=self.stage_config.get("exclude_glob", []),
                output=output,
                disable_progress=self.disable_progress,
            )
        else:
            # This could be python3.6 optimized.
            exclude = self.stage_config.get(
                "exclude", ["boto3", "dateutil", "botocore", "s3transfer", "concurrent"]
            )

            # Create a single zip that has the handler and application
            self.zip_path = self.zappa.create_lambda_zip(
                prefix=self.lambda_name,
                handler_file=handler_file,
                use_precompiled_packages=self.stage_config.get(
                    "use_precompiled_packages", True
                ),
                exclude=exclude,
                exclude_glob=self.stage_config.get("exclude_glob", []),
                output=output,
                disable_progress=self.disable_progress,
            )

            # Warn if this is too large for Lambda.
            file_stats = os.stat(self.zip_path)
            if file_stats.st_size > 52428800:  # pragma: no cover
                print(
                    "\n\nWarning: Application zip package is likely to be too large for AWS Lambda. "
                    'Try setting "slim_handler" to true in your Zappa settings file.\n\n'
                )

        # Throw custom settings into the zip that handles requests
        if self.stage_config.get("slim_handler", False):
            handler_zip = self.handler_path
        else:
            handler_zip = self.zip_path

        with zipfile.ZipFile(handler_zip, "a") as lambda_zip:

            settings_s = self.get_zappa_settings_string()

            # Copy our Django app into root of our package.
            # It doesn't work otherwise.
            if self.django_settings:
                base = __file__.rsplit(os.sep, 1)[0]
                django_py = "".join(os.path.join(base, "ext", "django_zappa.py"))
                lambda_zip.write(django_py, "django_zappa_app.py")

            # Lambda requires a specific chmod
            temp_settings = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
            os.chmod(temp_settings.name, 0o644)
            temp_settings.write(bytes(settings_s, "utf-8"))
            temp_settings.close()
            lambda_zip.write(temp_settings.name, "zappa_settings.py")
            os.unlink(temp_settings.name)

    def get_zappa_settings_string(self):
        settings_s = "# Generated by Zappa\n"

        if self.app_function:
            if "." not in self.app_function:  # pragma: no cover
                raise ClickException(
                    "Your "
                    + click.style("app_function", fg="red", bold=True)
                    + " value is not a modular path."
                    + " It needs to be in the format `"
                    + click.style("your_module.your_app_object", bold=True)
                    + "`."
                )
            app_module, app_function = self.app_function.rsplit(".", 1)
            settings_s = (
                settings_s
                + "APP_MODULE='{0!s}'\nAPP_FUNCTION='{1!s}'\n".format(
                    app_module, app_function
                )
            )

        if self.exception_handler:
            settings_s += "EXCEPTION_HANDLER='{0!s}'\n".format(self.exception_handler)
        else:
            settings_s += "EXCEPTION_HANDLER=None\n"

        if self.debug:
            settings_s = settings_s + "DEBUG=True\n"
        else:
            settings_s = settings_s + "DEBUG=False\n"

        settings_s = settings_s + "LOG_LEVEL='{0!s}'\n".format((self.log_level))

        if self.binary_support:
            settings_s = settings_s + "BINARY_SUPPORT=True\n"
        else:
            settings_s = settings_s + "BINARY_SUPPORT=False\n"

        head_map_dict = {}
        head_map_dict.update(dict(self.context_header_mappings))
        settings_s = settings_s + "CONTEXT_HEADER_MAPPINGS={0}\n".format(head_map_dict)

        # If we're on a domain, we don't need to define the /<<env>> in
        # the WSGI PATH
        if self.domain:
            settings_s = settings_s + "DOMAIN='{0!s}'\n".format((self.domain))
        else:
            settings_s = settings_s + "DOMAIN=None\n"

        if self.base_path:
            settings_s = settings_s + "BASE_PATH='{0!s}'\n".format((self.base_path))
        else:
            settings_s = settings_s + "BASE_PATH=None\n"

        # Pass through remote config bucket and path
        if self.remote_env:
            settings_s = settings_s + "REMOTE_ENV='{0!s}'\n".format(self.remote_env)
        # DEPRECATED. use remove_env instead
        elif self.remote_env_bucket and self.remote_env_file:
            settings_s = settings_s + "REMOTE_ENV='s3://{0!s}/{1!s}'\n".format(
                self.remote_env_bucket, self.remote_env_file
            )

        # Local envs
        env_dict = {}
        if self.aws_region:
            env_dict["AWS_REGION"] = self.aws_region
        env_dict.update(dict(self.environment_variables))

        # Environment variable keys must be ascii
        # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/604
        # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/998
        try:
            env_dict = dict(
                (k.encode("ascii").decode("ascii"), v) for (k, v) in env_dict.items()
            )
        except Exception:
            raise ValueError("Environment variable keys must be ascii.")

        settings_s = settings_s + "ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES={0}\n".format(env_dict)

        # We can be environment-aware
        settings_s = settings_s + "API_STAGE='{0!s}'\n".format((self.api_stage))
        settings_s = settings_s + "PROJECT_NAME='{0!s}'\n".format((self.project_name))

        if self.settings_file:
            settings_s = settings_s + "SETTINGS_FILE='{0!s}'\n".format(
                (self.settings_file)
            )
        else:
            settings_s = settings_s + "SETTINGS_FILE=None\n"

        if self.django_settings:
            settings_s = settings_s + "DJANGO_SETTINGS='{0!s}'\n".format(
                (self.django_settings)
            )
        else:
            settings_s = settings_s + "DJANGO_SETTINGS=None\n"

        # If slim handler, path to project zip
        if self.stage_config.get("slim_handler", False):
            settings_s += (
                "ARCHIVE_PATH='s3://{0!s}/{1!s}_{2!s}_current_project.tar.gz'\n".format(
                    self.s3_bucket_name, self.api_stage, self.project_name
                )
            )

            # since includes are for slim handler add the setting here by joining arbitrary list from zappa_settings file
            # and tell the handler we are the slim_handler
            # https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/776
            settings_s += "SLIM_HANDLER=True\n"

            include = self.stage_config.get("include", [])
            if len(include) >= 1:
                settings_s += "INCLUDE=" + str(include) + "\n"

        # AWS Events function mapping
        event_mapping = {}
        events = self.stage_config.get("events", [])
        for event in events:
            arn = event.get("event_source", {}).get("arn")
            function = event.get("function")
            if arn and function:
                event_mapping[arn] = function
        settings_s = settings_s + "AWS_EVENT_MAPPING={0!s}\n".format(event_mapping)

        # Map Lext bot events
        bot_events = self.stage_config.get("bot_events", [])
        bot_events_mapping = {}
        for bot_event in bot_events:
            event_source = bot_event.get("event_source", {})
            intent = event_source.get("intent")
            invocation_source = event_source.get("invocation_source")
            function = bot_event.get("function")
            if intent and invocation_source and function:
                bot_events_mapping[
                    str(intent) + ":" + str(invocation_source)
                ] = function

        settings_s = settings_s + "AWS_BOT_EVENT_MAPPING={0!s}\n".format(
            bot_events_mapping
        )

        # Map cognito triggers
        cognito_trigger_mapping = {}
        cognito_config = self.stage_config.get("cognito", {})
        triggers = cognito_config.get("triggers", [])
        for trigger in triggers:
            source = trigger.get("source")
            function = trigger.get("function")
            if source and function:
                cognito_trigger_mapping[source] = function
        settings_s = settings_s + "COGNITO_TRIGGER_MAPPING={0!s}\n".format(
            cognito_trigger_mapping
        )

        # Authorizer config
        authorizer_function = self.authorizer.get("function", None)
        if authorizer_function:
            settings_s += "AUTHORIZER_FUNCTION='{0!s}'\n".format(authorizer_function)

        # async response
        async_response_table = self.stage_config.get("async_response_table", "")
        settings_s += "ASYNC_RESPONSE_TABLE='{0!s}'\n".format(async_response_table)
        return settings_s

    def remove_local_zip(self):
        """
        Remove our local zip file.
        """

        if self.stage_config.get("delete_local_zip", True):
            try:
                if os.path.isfile(self.zip_path):
                    os.remove(self.zip_path)
                if self.handler_path and os.path.isfile(self.handler_path):
                    os.remove(self.handler_path)
            except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover
                sys.exit(-1)

    def remove_uploaded_zip(self):
        """
        Remove the local and S3 zip file after uploading and updating.
        """

        # Remove the uploaded zip from S3, because it is now registered..
        if self.stage_config.get("delete_s3_zip", True):
            self.zappa.remove_from_s3(self.zip_path, self.s3_bucket_name)
            if self.stage_config.get("slim_handler", False):
                # Need to keep the project zip as the slim handler uses it.
                self.zappa.remove_from_s3(self.handler_path, self.s3_bucket_name)

    def on_exit(self):
        """
        Cleanup after the command finishes.
        Always called: SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt and any other Exception that occurs.
        """
        if self.zip_path:
            # Only try to remove uploaded zip if we're running a command that has loaded credentials
            if self.load_credentials:
                self.remove_uploaded_zip()

            self.remove_local_zip()

    def print_logs(
        self, logs, colorize=True, http=False, non_http=False, force_colorize=None
    ):
        """
        Parse, filter and print logs to the console.
        """

        for log in logs:
            timestamp = log["timestamp"]
            message = log["message"]
            if "START RequestId" in message:
                continue
            if "REPORT RequestId" in message:
                continue
            if "END RequestId" in message:
                continue

            if not colorize and not force_colorize:
                if http:
                    if self.is_http_log_entry(message.strip()):
                        print("[" + str(timestamp) + "] " + message.strip())
                elif non_http:
                    if not self.is_http_log_entry(message.strip()):
                        print("[" + str(timestamp) + "] " + message.strip())
                else:
                    print("[" + str(timestamp) + "] " + message.strip())
            else:
                if http:
                    if self.is_http_log_entry(message.strip()):
                        click.echo(
                            click.style("[", fg="cyan")
                            + click.style(str(timestamp), bold=True)
                            + click.style("]", fg="cyan")
                            + self.colorize_log_entry(message.strip()),
                            color=force_colorize,
                        )
                elif non_http:
                    if not self.is_http_log_entry(message.strip()):
                        click.echo(
                            click.style("[", fg="cyan")
                            + click.style(str(timestamp), bold=True)
                            + click.style("]", fg="cyan")
                            + self.colorize_log_entry(message.strip()),
                            color=force_colorize,
                        )
                else:
                    click.echo(
                        click.style("[", fg="cyan")
                        + click.style(str(timestamp), bold=True)
                        + click.style("]", fg="cyan")
                        + self.colorize_log_entry(message.strip()),
                        color=force_colorize,
                    )

    def is_http_log_entry(self, string):
        """
        Determines if a log entry is an HTTP-formatted log string or not.
        """
        # Debug event filter
        if "Zappa Event" in string:
            return False

        # IP address filter
        for token in string.replace("\t", " ").split(" "):
            try:
                if token.count(".") == 3 and token.replace(".", "").isnumeric():
                    return True
            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
                pass

        return False

    def get_project_name(self):
        return slugify.slugify(os.getcwd().split(os.sep)[-1])[:15]

    def colorize_log_entry(self, string):
        """
        Apply various heuristics to return a colorized version of a string.
        If these fail, simply return the string in plaintext.
        """

        final_string = string
        try:

            # First, do stuff in square brackets
            inside_squares = re.findall(r"\[([^]]*)\]", string)
            for token in inside_squares:
                if token in ["CRITICAL", "ERROR", "WARNING", "DEBUG", "INFO", "NOTSET"]:
                    final_string = final_string.replace(
                        "[" + token + "]",
                        click.style("[", fg="cyan")
                        + click.style(token, fg="cyan", bold=True)
                        + click.style("]", fg="cyan"),
                    )
                else:
                    final_string = final_string.replace(
                        "[" + token + "]",
                        click.style("[", fg="cyan")
                        + click.style(token, bold=True)
                        + click.style("]", fg="cyan"),
                    )

            # Then do quoted strings
            quotes = re.findall(r'"[^"]*"', string)
            for token in quotes:
                final_string = final_string.replace(
                    token, click.style(token, fg="yellow")
                )

            # And UUIDs
            for token in final_string.replace("\t", " ").split(" "):
                try:
                    if token.count("-") == 4 and token.replace("-", "").isalnum():
                        final_string = final_string.replace(
                            token, click.style(token, fg="magenta")
                        )
                except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
                    pass

                # And IP addresses
                try:
                    if token.count(".") == 3 and token.replace(".", "").isnumeric():
                        final_string = final_string.replace(
                            token, click.style(token, fg="red")
                        )
                except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
                    pass

                # And status codes
                try:
                    if token in ["200"]:
                        final_string = final_string.replace(
                            token, click.style(token, fg="green")
                        )
                    if token in ["400", "401", "403", "404", "405", "500"]:
                        final_string = final_string.replace(
                            token, click.style(token, fg="red")
                        )
                except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
                    pass

            # And Zappa Events
            try:
                if "Zappa Event:" in final_string:
                    final_string = final_string.replace(
                        "Zappa Event:",
                        click.style("Zappa Event:", bold=True, fg="green"),
                    )
            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
                pass

            # And dates
            for token in final_string.split("\t"):
                try:
                    is_date = parser.parse(token)
                    final_string = final_string.replace(
                        token, click.style(token, fg="green")
                    )
                except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
                    pass

            final_string = final_string.replace("\t", " ").replace("   ", " ")
            if final_string[0] != " ":
                final_string = " " + final_string
            return final_string
        except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover
            return string

    def execute_prebuild_script(self):
        """
        Parse and execute the prebuild_script from the zappa_settings.
        """

        (pb_mod_path, pb_func) = self.prebuild_script.rsplit(".", 1)

        try:  # Prefer prebuild script in working directory
            if (
                pb_mod_path.count(".") >= 1
            ):  # Prebuild script func is nested in a folder
                (mod_folder_path, mod_name) = pb_mod_path.rsplit(".", 1)
                mod_folder_path_fragments = mod_folder_path.split(".")
                working_dir = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), *mod_folder_path_fragments)
            else:
                mod_name = pb_mod_path
                working_dir = os.getcwd()

            working_dir_importer = pkgutil.get_importer(working_dir)
            module_ = working_dir_importer.find_module(mod_name).load_module(mod_name)

        except (ImportError, AttributeError):

            try:  # Prebuild func might be in virtualenv
                module_ = importlib.import_module(pb_mod_path)
            except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
                raise ClickException(
                    click.style("Failed ", fg="red")
                    + "to "
                    + click.style("import prebuild script ", bold=True)
                    + 'module: "{pb_mod_path}"'.format(
                        pb_mod_path=click.style(pb_mod_path, bold=True)
                    )
                )

        if not hasattr(module_, pb_func):  # pragma: no cover
            raise ClickException(
                click.style("Failed ", fg="red")
                + "to "
                + click.style("find prebuild script ", bold=True)
                + 'function: "{pb_func}" '.format(
                    pb_func=click.style(pb_func, bold=True)
                )
                + 'in module "{pb_mod_path}"'.format(pb_mod_path=pb_mod_path)
            )

        prebuild_function = getattr(module_, pb_func)
        prebuild_function()  # Call the function

    def collision_warning(self, item):
        """
        Given a string, print a warning if this could
        collide with a Zappa core package module.
        Use for app functions and events.
        """

        namespace_collisions = [
            "zappa.",
            "wsgi.",
            "middleware.",
            "handler.",
            "util.",
            "letsencrypt.",
            "cli.",
        ]
        for namespace_collision in namespace_collisions:
            if item.startswith(namespace_collision):
                click.echo(
                    click.style("Warning!", fg="red", bold=True)
                    + " You may have a namespace collision between "
                    + click.style(item, bold=True)
                    + " and "
                    + click.style(namespace_collision, bold=True)
                    + "! You may want to rename that file."
                )

    def deploy_api_gateway(self, api_id):
        cache_cluster_enabled = self.stage_config.get("cache_cluster_enabled", False)
        cache_cluster_size = str(self.stage_config.get("cache_cluster_size", 0.5))
        endpoint_url = self.zappa.deploy_api_gateway(
            api_id=api_id,
            stage_name=self.api_stage,
            cache_cluster_enabled=cache_cluster_enabled,
            cache_cluster_size=cache_cluster_size,
            cloudwatch_log_level=self.stage_config.get("cloudwatch_log_level", "OFF"),
            cloudwatch_data_trace=self.stage_config.get("cloudwatch_data_trace", False),
            cloudwatch_metrics_enabled=self.stage_config.get(
                "cloudwatch_metrics_enabled", False
            ),
            cache_cluster_ttl=self.stage_config.get("cache_cluster_ttl", 300),
            cache_cluster_encrypted=self.stage_config.get(
                "cache_cluster_encrypted", False
            ),
        )
        return endpoint_url

    def check_venv(self):
        """Ensure we're inside a virtualenv."""
        if self.vargs and self.vargs.get("no_venv"):
            return
        if self.zappa:
            venv = self.zappa.get_current_venv()
        else:
            # Just for `init`, when we don't have settings yet.
            venv = Zappa.get_current_venv()
        if not venv:
            raise ClickException(
                click.style("Zappa", bold=True)
                + " requires an "
                + click.style("active virtual environment", bold=True, fg="red")
                + "!\n"
                + "Learn more about virtual environments here: "
                + click.style(
                    "http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/dev/virtualenvs/",
                    bold=False,
                    fg="cyan",
                )
            )

    def silence(self):
        """
        Route all stdout to null.
        """

        sys.stdout = open(os.devnull, "w")
        sys.stderr = open(os.devnull, "w")

    def touch_endpoint(self, endpoint_url):
        """
        Test the deployed endpoint with a GET request.
        """

        # Private APIGW endpoints most likely can't be reached by a deployer
        # unless they're connected to the VPC by VPN. Instead of trying
        # connect to the service, print a warning and let the user know
        # to check it manually.
        # See: https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/pull/1719#issuecomment-471341565
        if "PRIVATE" in self.stage_config.get("endpoint_configuration", []):
            print(
                click.style("Warning!", fg="yellow", bold=True)
                + " Since you're deploying a private API Gateway endpoint,"
                " Zappa cannot determine if your function is returning "
                " a correct status code. You should check your API's response"
                " manually before considering this deployment complete."
            )
            return

        touch_path = self.stage_config.get("touch_path", "/")
        req = requests.get(endpoint_url + touch_path)

        # Sometimes on really large packages, it can take 60-90 secs to be
        # ready and requests will return 504 status_code until ready.
        # So, if we get a 504 status code, rerun the request up to 4 times or
        # until we don't get a 504 error
        if req.status_code == 504:
            i = 0
            status_code = 504
            while status_code == 504 and i <= 4:
                req = requests.get(endpoint_url + touch_path)
                status_code = req.status_code
                i += 1

        if req.status_code >= 500:
            raise ClickException(
                click.style("Warning!", fg="red", bold=True)
                + " Status check on the deployed lambda failed."
                + " A GET request to '"
                + touch_path
                + "' yielded a "
                + click.style(str(req.status_code), fg="red", bold=True)
                + " response code."
            )


####################################################################
# Main
####################################################################


def shamelessly_promote():
    """
    Shamelessly promote our little community.
    """

    click.echo(
        "Need "
        + click.style("help", fg="green", bold=True)
        + "? Found a "
        + click.style("bug", fg="green", bold=True)
        + "? Let us "
        + click.style("know", fg="green", bold=True)
        + "! :D"
    )
    click.echo(
        "File bug reports on "
        + click.style("GitHub", bold=True)
        + " here: "
        + click.style("https://github.com/Zappa/Zappa", fg="cyan", bold=True)
    )
    click.echo(
        "And join our "
        + click.style("Slack", bold=True)
        + " channel here: "
        + click.style("https://zappateam.slack.com", fg="cyan", bold=True)
    )
    click.echo("Love!,")
    click.echo(" ~ Team " + click.style("Zappa", bold=True) + "!")


def disable_click_colors():
    """
    Set a Click context where colors are disabled. Creates a throwaway BaseCommand
    to play nicely with the Context constructor.
    The intended side-effect here is that click.echo() checks this context and will
    suppress colors.
    https://github.com/pallets/click/blob/e1aa43a3/click/globals.py#L39
    """

    ctx = Context(BaseCommand("AllYourBaseAreBelongToUs"))
    ctx.color = False
    push_context(ctx)


def handle():  # pragma: no cover
    """
    Main program execution handler.
    """

    try:
        cli = ZappaCLI()
        sys.exit(cli.handle())
    except SystemExit as e:  # pragma: no cover
        cli.on_exit()
        sys.exit(e.code)

    except KeyboardInterrupt:  # pragma: no cover
        cli.on_exit()
        sys.exit(130)
    except Exception as e:
        cli.on_exit()

        click.echo(
            "Oh no! An " + click.style("error occurred", fg="red", bold=True) + "! :("
        )
        click.echo("\n==============\n")
        import traceback

        traceback.print_exc()
        click.echo("\n==============\n")
        shamelessly_promote()

        sys.exit(-1)


if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
    handle()