Simulting via Minus

while dividend >= divisor
  dividend = dividend - divisor
  quotient = quotient + 1

Accelerating

Above code will exceed time limit. We can remove a bit more divisors from dividend.

acceleration = 1
cached_accelerated_divisor = divisor

while dividend >= divisor
   
   if cached_accelerated_divisor > dividend
       // slow down
       acceleration = acceleration - 1
       cached_accelerated_divisor = cached_accelerated_divisor - divisor
   else
   
       dividend = dividend - cached_accelerated_divisor
       quotient = quotient + acceleration

Overflow

leetcode's testcases covered some edge case like Integer.MIN_VALUE and Integer.MAX_VALUE, take care.