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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Introduction to the R Language</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="description" content="Introduction to the R Language">
<meta name="author" content="Roger Peng, Associate Professor">
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<hgroup class="auto-fadein">
<h1>Introduction to the R Language</h1>
<h2>Vectorized Operations</h2>
<p>Roger Peng, Associate Professor<br/>Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</p>
</hgroup>
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<hgroup>
<h2>Vectorized Operations</h2>
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<article>
<p>Many operations in R are <em>vectorized</em> making code more efficient, concise, and easier to read.</p>
<pre><code class="r">> x <- 1:4; y <- 6:9
> x + y
[1] 7 9 11 13
> x > 2
[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE
> x >= 2
[1] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
> y == 8
[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
> x * y
[1] 6 14 24 36
> x / y
[1] 0.1666667 0.2857143 0.3750000 0.4444444
</code></pre>
</article>
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<slide class="" id="slide-2" style="background:;">
<hgroup>
<h2>Vectorized Matrix Operations</h2>
</hgroup>
<article>
<pre><code class="r">> x <- matrix(1:4, 2, 2); y <- matrix(rep(10, 4), 2, 2)
> x * y ## element-wise multiplication
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 10 30
[2,] 20 40
> x / y
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 0.1 0.3
[2,] 0.2 0.4
> x %*% y ## true matrix multiplication
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 40 40
[2,] 60 60
</code></pre>
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