🏷️sec_kaggle_cifar10
So far, we have been using Gluon's data package to directly obtain image datasets in the tensor format. In practice, however, image datasets often exist in the format of image files. In this section, we will start with the original image files and organize, read, and convert the files to the tensor format step by step.
We performed an experiment on the CIFAR-10 dataset in :numref:sec_image_augmentation.
This is an important data
set in the computer vision field. Now, we will apply the knowledge we learned in
the previous sections in order to participate in the Kaggle competition, which
addresses CIFAR-10 image classification problems. The competition's web address
is
:numref:fig_kaggle_cifar10 shows the information on the competition's webpage. In order to submit the results, please register an account on the Kaggle website first.
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🏷️fig_kaggle_cifar10
First, import the packages or modules required for the competition.
import collections
from d2l import mxnet as d2l
import math
from mxnet import autograd, gluon, init, npx
from mxnet.gluon import nn
import os
import pandas as pd
import shutil
import time
npx.set_np()
The competition data is divided into a training set and testing set. The training set contains
After logging in to Kaggle, we can click on the "Data" tab on the CIFAR-10 image classification competition webpage shown in :numref:fig_kaggle_cifar10 and download the dataset by clicking the "Download All" button. After unzipping the downloaded file in ../data, and unzipping train.7z and test.7z inside it, you will find the entire dataset in the following paths:
- ../data/cifar-10/train/[1-50000].png
- ../data/cifar-10/test/[1-300000].png
- ../data/cifar-10/trainLabels.csv
- ../data/cifar-10/sampleSubmission.csv
Here folders train and test contain the training and testing images respectively, trainLabels.csv has labels for the training images, and sample_submission.csv is a sample of submission.
To make it easier to get started, we provide a small-scale sample of the dataset: it contains the first demo variable to False.
#@save
d2l.DATA_HUB['cifar10_tiny'] = (d2l.DATA_URL + 'kaggle_cifar10_tiny.zip',
'2068874e4b9a9f0fb07ebe0ad2b29754449ccacd')
# If you use the full dataset downloaded for the Kaggle competition, set
# `demo` to False
demo = True
if demo:
data_dir = d2l.download_extract('cifar10_tiny')
else:
data_dir = '../data/cifar-10/'
We need to organize datasets to facilitate model training and testing. Let us first read the labels from the csv file. The following function returns a dictionary that maps the filename without extension to its label.
#@save
def read_csv_labels(fname):
"""Read fname to return a name to label dictionary."""
with open(fname, 'r') as f:
# Skip the file header line (column name)
lines = f.readlines()[1:]
tokens = [l.rstrip().split(',') for l in lines]
return dict(((name, label) for name, label in tokens))
labels = read_csv_labels(os.path.join(data_dir, 'trainLabels.csv'))
print('# training examples:', len(labels))
print('# classes:', len(set(labels.values())))
Next, we define the reorg_train_valid function to segment the validation set from the original training set. The argument valid_ratio in this function is the ratio of the number of examples in the validation set to the number of examples in the original training set. In particular, let valid_ratio=0.1 as an example. Since the original training set has train_valid_test/train" when tuning hyperparameters, while the other train_valid_test/valid". After organizing the data, images of the same class will be placed under the same folder so that we can read them later.
#@save
def copyfile(filename, target_dir):
"""Copy a file into a target directory."""
d2l.mkdir_if_not_exist(target_dir)
shutil.copy(filename, target_dir)
#@save
def reorg_train_valid(data_dir, labels, valid_ratio):
# The number of examples of the class with the least examples in the
# training dataset
n = collections.Counter(labels.values()).most_common()[-1][1]
# The number of examples per class for the validation set
n_valid_per_label = max(1, math.floor(n * valid_ratio))
label_count = {}
for train_file in os.listdir(os.path.join(data_dir, 'train')):
label = labels[train_file.split('.')[0]]
fname = os.path.join(data_dir, 'train', train_file)
# Copy to train_valid_test/train_valid with a subfolder per class
copyfile(fname, os.path.join(data_dir, 'train_valid_test',
'train_valid', label))
if label not in label_count or label_count[label] < n_valid_per_label:
# Copy to train_valid_test/valid
copyfile(fname, os.path.join(data_dir, 'train_valid_test',
'valid', label))
label_count[label] = label_count.get(label, 0) + 1
else:
# Copy to train_valid_test/train
copyfile(fname, os.path.join(data_dir, 'train_valid_test',
'train', label))
return n_valid_per_label
The reorg_test function below is used to organize the testing set to facilitate the reading during prediction.
#@save
def reorg_test(data_dir):
for test_file in os.listdir(os.path.join(data_dir, 'test')):
copyfile(os.path.join(data_dir, 'test', test_file),
os.path.join(data_dir, 'train_valid_test', 'test',
'unknown'))
Finally, we use a function to call the previously defined read_csv_labels, reorg_train_valid, and reorg_test functions.
def reorg_cifar10_data(data_dir, valid_ratio):
labels = read_csv_labels(os.path.join(data_dir, 'trainLabels.csv'))
reorg_train_valid(data_dir, labels, valid_ratio)
reorg_test(data_dir)
We only set the batch size to batch_size should be set to a larger integer, such as
batch_size = 4 if demo else 128
valid_ratio = 0.1
reorg_cifar10_data(data_dir, valid_ratio)
To cope with overfitting, we use image augmentation. For example, by adding transforms.RandomFlipLeftRight(), the images can be flipped at random. We can also perform normalization for the three RGB channels of color images using transforms.Normalize(). Below, we list some of these operations that you can choose to use or modify depending on requirements.
transform_train = gluon.data.vision.transforms.Compose([
# Magnify the image to a square of 40 pixels in both height and width
gluon.data.vision.transforms.Resize(40),
# Randomly crop a square image of 40 pixels in both height and width to
# produce a small square of 0.64 to 1 times the area of the original
# image, and then shrink it to a square of 32 pixels in both height and
# width
gluon.data.vision.transforms.RandomResizedCrop(32, scale=(0.64, 1.0),
ratio=(1.0, 1.0)),
gluon.data.vision.transforms.RandomFlipLeftRight(),
gluon.data.vision.transforms.ToTensor(),
# Normalize each channel of the image
gluon.data.vision.transforms.Normalize([0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465],
[0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010])])
In order to ensure the certainty of the output during testing, we only perform normalization on the image.
transform_test = gluon.data.vision.transforms.Compose([
gluon.data.vision.transforms.ToTensor(),
gluon.data.vision.transforms.Normalize([0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465],
[0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010])])
Next, we can create the ImageFolderDataset instance to read the organized dataset containing the original image files, where each example includes the image and label.
train_ds, valid_ds, train_valid_ds, test_ds = [
gluon.data.vision.ImageFolderDataset(
os.path.join(data_dir, 'train_valid_test', folder))
for folder in ['train', 'valid', 'train_valid', 'test']]
We specify the defined image augmentation operation in DataLoader. During training, we only use the validation set to evaluate the model, so we need to ensure the certainty of the output. During prediction, we will train the model on the combined training set and validation set to make full use of all labelled data.
train_iter, train_valid_iter = [gluon.data.DataLoader(
dataset.transform_first(transform_train), batch_size, shuffle=True,
last_batch='discard') for dataset in (train_ds, train_valid_ds)]
valid_iter = gluon.data.DataLoader(
valid_ds.transform_first(transform_test), batch_size, shuffle=False,
last_batch='discard')
test_iter = gluon.data.DataLoader(
test_ds.transform_first(transform_test), batch_size, shuffle=False,
last_batch='keep')
Here, we build the residual blocks based on the HybridBlock class, which is
slightly different than the implementation described in
:numref:sec_resnet. This is done to improve execution efficiency.
class Residual(nn.HybridBlock):
def __init__(self, num_channels, use_1x1conv=False, strides=1, **kwargs):
super(Residual, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2D(num_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1,
strides=strides)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2D(num_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1)
if use_1x1conv:
self.conv3 = nn.Conv2D(num_channels, kernel_size=1,
strides=strides)
else:
self.conv3 = None
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm()
self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm()
def hybrid_forward(self, F, X):
Y = F.npx.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(X)))
Y = self.bn2(self.conv2(Y))
if self.conv3:
X = self.conv3(X)
return F.npx.relu(Y + X)
Next, we define the ResNet-18 model.
def resnet18(num_classes):
net = nn.HybridSequential()
net.add(nn.Conv2D(64, kernel_size=3, strides=1, padding=1),
nn.BatchNorm(), nn.Activation('relu'))
def resnet_block(num_channels, num_residuals, first_block=False):
blk = nn.HybridSequential()
for i in range(num_residuals):
if i == 0 and not first_block:
blk.add(Residual(num_channels, use_1x1conv=True, strides=2))
else:
blk.add(Residual(num_channels))
return blk
net.add(resnet_block(64, 2, first_block=True),
resnet_block(128, 2),
resnet_block(256, 2),
resnet_block(512, 2))
net.add(nn.GlobalAvgPool2D(), nn.Dense(num_classes))
return net
The CIFAR-10 image classification challenge uses 10 categories. We will perform Xavier random initialization on the model before training begins.
def get_net(devices):
num_classes = 10
net = resnet18(num_classes)
net.initialize(ctx=devices, init=init.Xavier())
return net
loss = gluon.loss.SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss()
We will select the model and tune hyperparameters according to the model's performance on the validation set. Next, we define the model training function train. We record the training time of each epoch, which helps us compare the time costs of different models.
def train(net, train_iter, valid_iter, num_epochs, lr, wd, devices, lr_period,
lr_decay):
trainer = gluon.Trainer(net.collect_params(), 'sgd',
{'learning_rate': lr, 'momentum': 0.9, 'wd': wd})
num_batches, timer = len(train_iter), d2l.Timer()
animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epoch', xlim=[0, num_epochs],
legend=['train loss', 'train acc', 'valid acc'])
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
metric = d2l.Accumulator(3)
if epoch > 0 and epoch % lr_period == 0:
trainer.set_learning_rate(trainer.learning_rate * lr_decay)
for i, (features, labels) in enumerate(train_iter):
timer.start()
l, acc = d2l.train_batch_ch13(
net, features, labels.astype('float32'), loss, trainer,
devices, d2l.split_batch)
metric.add(l, acc, labels.shape[0])
timer.stop()
if (i + 1) % (num_batches // 5) == 0:
animator.add(epoch + i / num_batches,
(metric[0] / metric[2], metric[1] / metric[2],
None))
if valid_iter is not None:
valid_acc = d2l.evaluate_accuracy_gpus(net, valid_iter, d2l.split_batch)
animator.add(epoch + 1, (None, None, valid_acc))
if valid_iter is not None:
print(f'loss {metric[0] / metric[2]:.3f}, '
f'train acc {metric[1] / metric[2]:.3f}, '
f'valid acc {valid_acc:.3f}')
else:
print(f'loss {metric[0] / metric[2]:.3f}, '
f'train acc {metric[1] / metric[2]:.3f}')
print(f'{metric[2] * num_epochs / timer.sum():.1f} examples/sec '
f'on {str(devices)}')
Now, we can train and validate the model. The following hyperparameters can be tuned. For example, we can increase the number of epochs. Because lr_period and lr_decay are set to 80 and 0.1 respectively, the learning rate of the optimization algorithm will be multiplied by 0.1 after every 80 epochs. For simplicity, we only train one epoch here.
devices, num_epochs, lr, wd = d2l.try_all_gpus(), 5, 0.1, 5e-4
lr_period, lr_decay, net = 50, 0.1, get_net(devices)
net.hybridize()
train(net, train_iter, valid_iter, num_epochs, lr, wd, devices, lr_period,
lr_decay)
After obtaining a satisfactory model design and hyperparameters, we use all training datasets (including validation sets) to retrain the model and classify the testing set.
net, preds = get_net(devices), []
net.hybridize()
train(net, train_valid_iter, None, num_epochs, lr, wd, devices, lr_period,
lr_decay)
for X, _ in test_iter:
y_hat = net(X.as_in_ctx(devices[0]))
preds.extend(y_hat.argmax(axis=1).astype(int).asnumpy())
sorted_ids = list(range(1, len(test_ds) + 1))
sorted_ids.sort(key=lambda x: str(x))
df = pd.DataFrame({'id': sorted_ids, 'label': preds})
df['label'] = df['label'].apply(lambda x: train_valid_ds.synsets[x])
df.to_csv('submission.csv', index=False)
After executing the above code, we will get a "submission.csv" file. The format
of this file is consistent with the Kaggle competition requirements. The method
for submitting results is similar to method in :numref:sec_kaggle_house.
- We can create an
ImageFolderDatasetinstance to read the dataset containing the original image files. - We can use convolutional neural networks, image augmentation, and hybrid programming to take part in an image classification competition.
- Use the complete CIFAR-10 dataset for the Kaggle competition. Change the
batch_sizeand number of epochsnum_epochsto 128 and 100, respectively. See what accuracy and ranking you can achieve in this competition. - What accuracy can you achieve when not using image augmentation?
- Scan the QR code to access the relevant discussions and exchange ideas about the methods used and the results obtained with the community. Can you come up with any better techniques?
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Discussions
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