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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<h1>
<a href="/2018/07/12/类和对象/">类和对象</a>
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<time datetime="2018-07-11T16:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">
2018-07-12
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{ <a href="/tags/C/">C++</a> }
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<h3 id="C和C-中struct的区别"><a href="#C和C-中struct的区别" class="headerlink" title="C和C++中struct的区别"></a>C和C++中struct的区别</h3><ul>
<li>c语言中struct只有变量</li>
<li>c++中struct 既有变量，也有函数</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="类的封装"><a href="#类的封装" class="headerlink" title="类的封装"></a>类的封装</h3><ol>
<li>属性和变量合成一个整体</li>
<li>给属性和函数增加访问权限</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>封装：<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>把变量（属性）和函数（操作）合成一个整体，封装在一个类中</li>
<li>对变量和函数进行访问控制</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>访问权限<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>在类的内部（作用范围内），没有访问权限之分，所有成员可以互相访问</li>
<li>在类的外部（作用范围外），访问权限才有意义：public，private,protected</li>
<li>在类的外部，只有public修饰的成员才能被访问，在没有涉及继承与派生时<br>【private和protected是同等级的，外部不允许访问】<br>|访问属性|属性|对象内部|对象外部|<br>|:—-:|:—–:|:—-:|:—-:|<br>|public|公有|可访问|可访问|<br>|protected|保护|可访问|不可访问|<br>|private|私有|可访问|不可访问|</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span><span class="meta-string"><iostream></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="built_in">std</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Person</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">{</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">Dose</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">cout</span> << <span class="string">"兰帕德成就苏亚雷斯"</span> << <span class="built_in">endl</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>: <span class="comment">/*公共外部可访问*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> mTall;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">protected</span>: <span class="comment">/*保护外部不可访问*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> mMoney;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span>: <span class="comment">/*私有外部不可访问*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> mAge;</span><br><span class="line">};</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line">Person p;</span><br><span class="line"> p.mTall = <span class="number">11</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//p.mMoney 保护成员外部无法访问</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//p.mAge 私有成员外部无法访问</span></span><br><span class="line"> p.Dose();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> system(<span class="string">"pause"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> EXIT_SUCCESS;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="struct和class的区别"><a href="#struct和class的区别" class="headerlink" title="struct和class的区别"></a>struct和class的区别</h3><p>class默认访问权限为private，struct默认访问权限为public</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span><span class="meta-string"><iostream></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="built_in">std</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">A</span> /*默认<span class="title">private</span>权限*/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">{</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> mAge;</span><br><span class="line">};</span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">B</span> /*默认<span class="title">public</span>权限*/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">{</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> mAge;</span><br><span class="line">};</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">test</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> A a;</span><br><span class="line"> B b;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/*a.mAge; err无法访问私有成员 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> b.mAge;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> test();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> system(<span class="string">"pause"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> EXIT_SUCCESS;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="将变量设为private"><a href="#将变量设为private" class="headerlink" title="将变量设为private"></a>将变量设为private</h3><ol>
<li>可赋予客户端访问数据的一致性</li>
<li>可细微划分访问控制<br>【尽量将成员属性设置为私有】</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>好处：<blockquote>
<p>自己可以控制读写权限<br>可以对设置内容加有效性验证</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<h1>
<a href="/2018/07/11/C++/">初识C++</a>
</h1>
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<time datetime="2018-07-10T16:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">
2018-07-11
</time>
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<ul>
<li class="meta-text">
{ <a href="/tags/C/">C++</a> }
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{ <a href="/categories/study/">study</a> }
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<div>
<h3 id="C-概述"><a href="#C-概述" class="headerlink" title="C++概述"></a>C++概述</h3><ul>
<li>c++是对c的扩展，是c语言的超集。</li>
<li>库：是编程模块的集合，可以在程序中调用他们。库对很多常见的编程问题提供了可靠的解决办法，因此可以节省程序员大量的时间和工作量。</li>
<li>c++在c的基础上添加了面向对象编程和泛型编程的支持，并且继承了c语言的高效、简洁，快速和可移植的传统。</li>
<li>c++融合了3种不同的编程方式：<blockquote>
<p>-c语言代表的过程性语言<br>-c++在c语言基础上添加的类代表的面向对象的语言<br>-c++模板支持的泛型编程。<br>【ANSI在1998年定制了c++第一套标准】</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="面向过程"><a href="#面向过程" class="headerlink" title="面向过程"></a>面向过程</h3>【面向过程思想核心】：功能分解，自顶向下，逐层细化（程序=数据结构+算法）<h3 id="面向对象"><a href="#面向对象" class="headerlink" title="面向对象"></a>面向对象</h3></li>
<li>在面向对象中，算法与数据结构被看作一个整体，称作对象</li>
<li>对象=算法+数据结构</li>
<li>程序=对象+对象……<br>【面向对象三大特性】</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>封装</li>
<li>继承</li>
<li>多态</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="C-对C的扩展"><a href="#C-对C的扩展" class="headerlink" title="C++对C的扩展"></a>C++对C的扩展</h3><ol>
<li>::作用域用算符<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string"><iostream></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">int</span> a = <span class="number">10</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="comment">/*全局变量和局部变量重名用::作用于运算符区分*/</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> a = <span class="number">121</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">cout</span> << <span class="string">"局部变量a:"</span> << a << <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">endl</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">cout</span> << <span class="string">"全局变量a:"</span> << ::a << <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">endl</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> system(<span class="string">"pause"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<p>作用域运算符可以用来解决局部变量与全局变量的重名问题，在局部变量作用域内，可以用::对<br>被屏蔽的同名全局变量进行访问（::前什么都不加表示全局作用域）</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>名字控制</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>c++允许我们对名字的产生和名字的可见性进行控制</li>
<li>c++中我们通过命名空间控制对名字的访问（namespace）<blockquote>
<p>namespace</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>用途：解决名称冲突</li>
<li>命名空间下可存放：变量、函数、结构体、类……</li>
<li>命名空间必须要声明在全局作用域</li>
<li>命名空间可以嵌套命名空间</li>
<li>命名空间是开放的，可以随时将新成员添加到命名空间下</li>
<li>命名空间可以匿名</li>
<li>命名空间可以起别名</li>
<li>命名空间的声明和实现可分离</li>
</ul>
<p>2.1. using声明</p>
<ul>
<li>using声明可使指定的标识符可用</li>
<li>当using声明与就近原则同时出现，出错，尽量避免<br>2.2. using编译指令</li>
<li>当using编译指令与就近原则同时出现，优先使用就近</li>
<li>当using编译指令有多个，需要加作用域区分</li>
<li>【注意】使用using声明或 using编译指令会增加命名冲突的可能性，也就是说，如果有命名空间，并在代码中使用作用域解析运算符，则不会出现二义性。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span><span class="meta-string"><iostream></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="built_in">std</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> KIngGlory</span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> sunwukongId = <span class="number">1</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> LOL</span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> sunwukongId = <span class="number">3</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">test01</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> sunwukongId = <span class="number">2</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* using KIngGlory::sunwukongId;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> err,当using声明与就近原则同时出现，出错，尽量避免</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">cout</span> << sunwukongId << <span class="built_in">endl</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">test02</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//int sunwukongId = 2;/*当using编译指令与就近原则同时出现，优先使用就近原则*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> KIngGlory;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> LOL;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">cout</span> << KIngGlory::sunwukongId << <span class="built_in">endl</span>;<span class="comment">/*当using编译指令有多个，需要加作用域区分*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">cout</span> << LOL::sunwukongId << <span class="built_in">endl</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//test01();</span></span><br><span class="line"> test02();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> system(<span class="string">"pause"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> EXIT_SUCCESS;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="3">
<li>c++增强部分</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>全局变量检测增强 c++严格检测出重定义</li>
<li>函数检测增强，返回值检测、形参类型检测、函数调用参数个数</li>
<li>类型转换检测曾强；</li>
<li>struct（结构体）增强 （c中不可以有函数必须有关键字struct）c++可以放函数、创建结构体变量，可以简化关键字struct</li>
<li>bool类型扩展（bool类型占一个字节大小）（c语言下没有bool类型 c++有bool类型）true（1） false（0）</li>
<li>三目运算符增强（a<b?a:b）=100;c++下表示给三目运算结果赋值。</li>
<li>c语言三目运算表达式返回值为数据值，为右值，不能赋值</li>
<li>c++三目运算表达式返回值为变量本身（引用）为左值，可以赋值<br>【左值和右值的概念】<br>在c++中可以放在赋值操作符左边的是左值，可以放到操作赋值符右面的是右值。有些变量既可以当左值又可以当右值<br>左值为：Lvalue，L代表Location表示内存可以寻址，可以赋值<br>右值为：Rvalue，R代表Read，就是可以知道它的值<br>int temp=10；temp在内存中有地址，10没有，但是可以Read到它的值</li>
<li>const增强<blockquote>
<p>全局const受到常量区保护，运行修改失败（c、c++结论相同）<br>局部const,c++下const修饰的变量称为常量，可以用来初始化数组（c语言中const是伪常量，不可以初始化数组分配到栈上）</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>c语言中全局const会被存储到制度数据段，c++中全局const当声明extern或者对变量取址时，编译器会分配存储地址，变量存储在只读数据段，两个都受其到了保护不可修改</li>
<li>c语言中局部const存储在堆栈区，只是不能通过变量直接修改const制度变量的值，但是可以跳过编译器的检查，通过指针间接修改该const值</li>
<li>c中const默认为外部链接，c++中const默认为内部链接，当c语言两个文件中都有const int a的时候编译器会报重定义错误。而在c++中就不会，因为c++中的const默认是内部链接如果想让c++中的const具有外部链接属性，必须显示声明为:extern const int a=10;<br>【c语言】<blockquote>
<p>全局const 直接修改失败，间接修改语法通过，运行失败<br>局部const 直接修改失败，间接修改成功</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<p>【c++】</p>
<blockquote>
<p>全局const 直接修改失败，间接修改语法通过，运行失败<br>局部const 直接修改失败，间接修改失败<br>c++中const修饰的可称作常量</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</article>
</li>
<li>
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<header class="title">
<h1>
<a href="/2018/07/09/数据结构/">数据结构</a>
</h1>
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2018-07-09
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<h3 id="数据结构"><a href="#数据结构" class="headerlink" title="数据结构"></a>数据结构</h3><p>数据结构是计算机存储，组织数据的方式，是相互之间存在一种或多种特定关系的数据元素集合</p>
<h4 id="算法"><a href="#算法" class="headerlink" title="算法"></a>算法</h4><p>算法是特定问题求解步骤的描述，在计算机中表现为指令的有限序列。算法是独立存在的一种解决问题的方法和【思想】</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>【以上二者区别：】</li>
<li>算法是为了解决实际问题而设计的</li>
<li>数据结构是算法需要处理的问题载体</li>
<li>算法的特性：</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>输入：</li>
<li>输出：</li>
<li>有穷性</li>
<li>确定性</li>
<li>可行性</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="分类"><a href="#分类" class="headerlink" title="分类"></a>分类</h4><ul>
<li>逻辑结构</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>集合结构</li>
<li>线性结构</li>
<li>树形结构</li>
<li>图形结构 </li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>物理结构</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>顺序存储结构</li>
<li>链式存储结构</li>
</ol>
</div>
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<h1>
<a href="/2018/07/01/C进阶二/">指针</a>
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2018-07-01
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<ul>
<li>指针变量</li>
<li>指针是一种数据类型，占用内存空间，用来保存内存地址<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string"><stdio.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> *p1 = <span class="number">0x1234</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> ***p2 = <span class="number">0x1111</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"p1size:%d\n"</span>,<span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(p1));</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"p2size:%d\n"</span>,<span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(p2));</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/*指针是变量，指针本身也占内存空间，指针也可以被赋值*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> a = <span class="number">10</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> p1 = &a;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"p1 address:%p\n"</span>,&p1);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"p1 address:%p\n"</span>,p1);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"a address:%p\n"</span>,&a);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="野指针和空指针"><a href="#野指针和空指针" class="headerlink" title="野指针和空指针"></a>野指针和空指针</h3><ul>
<li>空指针：不能向NULL或者非法内存拷贝数据</li>
<li>野指针：<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>指针变量未初始化：<br>任何指针变量刚被创建的时候不会自动成为NULL指针，他的缺省值是随机的，他会乱指一气，所以，指针变量在创建的同时应当被初始化，要么将指针设为NULL，要么指向合法内存</li>
<li>指针释放后未置空:<br>有时指针在free或delete后未赋值NULL，便会使人们认为是合法的，不要被free和delete的名字迷惑，他们只是将指针所指的内存给释放掉，但并没有把指针本身干掉，此时指针指向的就是“垃圾”内存，释放后的指针应立即将指针置为NULL，防止产生野指针</li>
<li>指针操作超越变量作用域<br>不要返回指向栈内存的指针或引用，因为栈内存在函数结束时会被释放<br>【规避野指针】<br>＞1. 初始化时置NULL<br>＞2. 释放时置NULL</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<p>空指针可以重复释放、野指针不可以重复释放</p>
<h3 id="指针的步长"><a href="#指针的步长" class="headerlink" title="指针的步长"></a>指针的步长</h3><ul>
<li>+1后跳跃的字节数</li>
<li>解引用解出的字节数</li>
<li>自定义结构体步长<blockquote>
<p>通过offsetof（结构体名称，属性）找到属性对应的偏移量<br>offsetof引入头文件：#include<stddef.h></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="指针的件接赋值"><a href="#指针的件接赋值" class="headerlink" title="指针的件接赋值"></a>指针的件接赋值</h3></li>
<li>三大条件<blockquote>
<p>一个普通变量+指针变量（实参+形参）<br>建立关系<br>通过*操作内存</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>利用qt操作地址修改内存</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="指针做函数参数的输入输出特性"><a href="#指针做函数参数的输入输出特性" class="headerlink" title="指针做函数参数的输入输出特性"></a>指针做函数参数的输入输出特性</h3><ul>
<li>输入特性：</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>在主调函数中分配内存，被调函数使用</li>
<li>分配在栈上和堆区</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>输出特性：</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>在被调函数中分配内存，主调函数使用</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="字符串操作"><a href="#字符串操作" class="headerlink" title="字符串操作"></a>字符串操作</h3>
</div>
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<h1>
<a href="/2018/06/30/C进阶一/">内存</a>
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2018-06-30
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<h3 id="内存分区"><a href="#内存分区" class="headerlink" title="内存分区"></a>内存分区</h3><ul>
<li>数据类型：<blockquote>
<p>为了更好的进行内存的管理，让编译器能确定分配多少内存<br>类型是对数据的抽象<br>类型相同的数据具有相同的表示形式、存储格式及相关操作<br>程序中的所有数据都必定属于某种数据类型<br>数据类型可以理解为创建变量的摸具：固定大小内存的别名</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>数据类型别名（typedef）</li>
<li>typedef</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>起别名-简化struct关键字</li>
<li>区分数据类型</li>
<li>提高代码移植性<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string"><stdio.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string"><string.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string"><stdlib.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">Person</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">{</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">char</span> name[<span class="number">64</span>];</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> age;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">}myPerson;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">test</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">Person</span> <span class="title">p</span> = {</span><span class="string">"aaa"</span>,<span class="number">10</span>};</span><br><span class="line"> myPerson p2 = {<span class="string">"bbb"</span>,<span class="number">20</span>};</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*区分数据类型*/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">test1</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> *PCHAR;</span><br><span class="line"> PCHAR p1, p2;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">char</span> *p3, *P4;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*提高移植性*/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> MYINT;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">test2</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> MYINT a = <span class="number">10</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> MYINT b = <span class="number">10</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ol>
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<h1>
<a href="/2018/06/08/vim/">vim</a>
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<time datetime="2018-06-07T16:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">
2018-06-08
</time>
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{ <a href="/categories/study/">study</a> }
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<div>
<h3 id="vim的三种模式"><a href="#vim的三种模式" class="headerlink" title="vim的三种模式"></a>vim的三种模式</h3><p>vim的三种模式：命令模式、文本编辑模式、末行模式<br>在末行模式可以直接执行shell命令（：！shell）</p>
<ul>
<li>命令模式</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">快捷键</th>
<th style="text-align:left">操作</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">保存退出</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">ZZ（大写）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">保存退出</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">代码格式化</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">gg=G</td>
<td style="text-align:left">代码格式化</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">光标移动</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">h</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标左移</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">j</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标下移</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">k</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标上移</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">l</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标右移</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">w</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标移动一个单词</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">gg</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标移动到文件的开头</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">G</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标移动到文件的末尾</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标移动到行首</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">$</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标移动到行尾</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">nG</td>
<td style="text-align:left">行跳转，如：12G-跳转到12行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">删除</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">x（小写）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">删除光标后一个字符相当于Del</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">X（大写）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">删除光标前一个字符，相当于Baskspace</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">dw</td>
<td style="text-align:left">删除光标开始的位置的字，包含光标所在的字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">d0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">删除光标前本行所有内容，不包含光标所在字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">D[d$]</td>
<td style="text-align:left">删除光标后本行所有内容，包含光标所在的字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">dd</td>
<td style="text-align:left">删除光标所在的行（本质其实就是剪切）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">ndd</td>
<td style="text-align:left">从光标当前行向下删除指定的行数，如：15dd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">v/ctrl+v</td>
<td style="text-align:left">使用h、j、k、l、移动选择内容然后按d删除【ctrl+v是列模式，块选择】</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">撤销和反撤销</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">u</td>
<td style="text-align:left">一步一步撤销，相当于ctrl+z</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">ctrl+r</td>
<td style="text-align:left">反撤销，相当于word中的ctrl+y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">复制粘贴</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">yy</td>
<td style="text-align:left">复制当前行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">nyy</td>
<td style="text-align:left">赋值n行，如：10yy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">P（大写）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">在光标所在位置向上新开辟一行，粘贴</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">p小写</td>
<td style="text-align:left">在光标所在位置向下新开辟一行，粘贴</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">剪切</td>
<td style="text-align:left">按dd或ndd删除，实际将其剪切到了剪切板中，p粘贴就行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">v/ctrl+v</td>
<td style="text-align:left">使用h、j、k、l、移动选择内容然后按d删除【ctrl+v是列模式，块选择】，y复制，P/p光标前/后粘贴</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">替换操作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">r</td>
<td style="text-align:left">替换当前字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">R</td>
<td style="text-align:left">替换当前光标后的字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">查找</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">/</td>
<td style="text-align:left">/xxxx，光标位置开始搜索，按n向下，N向上</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">？</td>
<td style="text-align:left">？xxxx，将光标移动到带搜索的字符串上，然后按n向上，N向下</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">#</td>
<td style="text-align:left">将光标移动到带搜索的字符串上，然后按n向上搜索，N向下</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">shift+k</td>
<td style="text-align:left">在带搜索的字符串上按shif+k，或者K（大写）可以查看相关的帮助文档</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>从命令模式进入编辑模式</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">快捷键</th>
<th style="text-align:left">操作</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">i</td>
<td style="text-align:left">在光标前插入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">a</td>
<td style="text-align:left">在光标后插入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">I</td>
<td style="text-align:left">在光标所在行的行首插入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">A</td>
<td style="text-align:left">在光标所在行的行尾插入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">o（小写）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">在光标所在的行的下面创建一行，行首插入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">O（大写）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">在光标所在行的上面创建一行，行首插入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s（小写）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">删除光标后面的字符，从光标当前位置插入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">S（大写）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">删除光标所在当前行，从行首插入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">块插入（列模式）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">ctrl+v进入快选择，shift+i向前插入字符，按两下esc完成</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>末行模式（：）</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">快捷键</th>
<th style="text-align:left">操作</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">保存退出</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">q</td>
<td style="text-align:left">退出</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">q!</td>
<td style="text-align:left">强制推出，不保存修改内容</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">w</td>
<td style="text-align:left">保存修改不退出</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">wq</td>
<td style="text-align:left">保存退出</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
<td style="text-align:left">相当于wq</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">替换操作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">：s/old/new/</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标所在行的第一个old替换为new</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">：s/old/new/g</td>
<td style="text-align:left">光标所在行所有old全部替换为new</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">：m，ns/old/new/g</td>
<td style="text-align:left">将第m行至第n行之间的old全部替换为new</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">：%s/old/new/g</td>
<td style="text-align:left">当前文件的所有old替换为new</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">：1，$s/old/new/g</td>
<td style="text-align:left">当前文件的所有old替换为new</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">：%s/old/new/gc</td>
<td style="text-align:left">当前文件的所有old替换为new（每次替换需要用户确认）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">快速翻屏</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">ctrl+u</td>
<td style="text-align:left">向下翻半屏（up）光标向上移动</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">ctrl+d</td>
<td style="text-align:left">向下翻半屏（down）光标向下移动</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">ctrl+f</td>
<td style="text-align:left">向上翻一屏（front）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">ctrl+b</td>
<td style="text-align:left">向后翻一屏（back）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">分屏操作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">sp</td>
<td style="text-align:left">当前文件水平分屏</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">vsp</td>
<td style="text-align:left">当前文件垂直分屏</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">sp文件名</td>
<td style="text-align:left">当前文件和另一个文件水平分屏</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">vsp文件名</td>
<td style="text-align:left">当前文件和另一个文件垂直分屏</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">ctrl-w-w</td>
<td style="text-align:left">在多个窗口切换光标</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">wall/wqall/xall/qall/qall!</td>
<td style="text-align:left">保存/保存退出/保存退出/退出/强制退出分屏窗口</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">在打开文件之前分屏（n可以省略水平/垂直）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">vim -on/On file1 file2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>末行模式回到命令模式（按两下esc或者backspace或者回车）</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="vim的配置文件"><a href="#vim的配置文件" class="headerlink" title="vim的配置文件"></a>vim的配置文件</h3><ul>
<li>用户级配置文件：~/.vimrc(修改只对当前用户作用，不会影响其他用户)</li>
<li>系统级别配置文件：/etc/vim/vimrc（修改对所有用户作用）</li>
<li>我的配置文件：<blockquote>
</blockquote>
“ vundle 环境设置<br>filetype off<br>set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim<br>“ vundle 管理的插件列表必须位于 vundle#begin() 和 vundle#end() 之间<br>call vundle#begin()<br>Plugin ‘VundleVim/Vundle.vim’<br>Plugin ‘altercation/vim-colors-solarized’<br>Plugin ‘tomasr/molokai’<br>Plugin ‘vim-scripts/phd’<br>Plugin ‘Lokaltog/vim-powerline’<br>Plugin ‘octol/vim-cpp-enhanced-highlight’<br>Plugin ‘nathanaelkane/vim-indent-guides’<br>Plugin ‘derekwyatt/vim-fswitch’<br>Plugin ‘kshenoy/vim-signature’<br>Plugin ‘vim-scripts/BOOKMARKS–Mark-and-Highlight-Full-Lines’<br>Plugin ‘majutsushi/tagbar’<br>Plugin ‘vim-scripts/indexer.tar.gz’<br>Plugin ‘vim-scripts/DfrankUtil’<br>Plugin ‘vim-scripts/vimprj’<br>Plugin ‘dyng/ctrlsf.vim’<br>Plugin ‘terryma/vim-multiple-cursors’<br>Plugin ‘scrooloose/nerdcommenter’<br>Plugin ‘vim-scripts/DrawIt’<br>Plugin ‘SirVer/ultisnips’<br>Plugin ‘Valloric/YouCompleteMe’<br>Plugin ‘derekwyatt/vim-protodef’<br>Plugin ‘scrooloose/nerdtree’<br>Plugin ‘fholgado/minibufexpl.vim’<br>Plugin ‘gcmt/wildfire.vim’<br>Plugin ‘sjl/gundo.vim’<br>Plugin ‘Lokaltog/vim-easymotion’<br>Plugin ‘suan/vim-instant-markdown’<br>Plugin ‘lilydjwg/fcitx.vim’<br>“ 插件列表结束<br>call vundle#end()<br>filetype plugin indent on<br>“ 配色方案<br>set background=dark<br>“colorscheme solarized<br>colorscheme molokai<br>“colorscheme phd<br>“ 禁止光标闪烁<br>set gcr=a:block-blinkon0<br>“ 禁止显示滚动条<br>set guioptions-=l<br>set guioptions-=L<br>set guioptions-=r<br>set guioptions-=R<br>“ 禁止显示菜单和工具条<br>set guioptions-=m<br>set guioptions-=T<br>“ 总是显示状态栏<br>set laststatus=2<br>“ 显示光标当前位置<br>set ruler<br>“ 开启行号显示<br>set number<br>“ 高亮显示当前行/列<br>set cursorline<br>set cursorcolumn<br>“ 高亮显示搜索结果<br>set hlsearch<br>“ 开启语法高亮功能<br>syntax enable<br>“ 允许用指定语法高亮配色方案替换默认方案<br>syntax on<br>“ 自适应不同语言的智能缩进<br>filetype indent on<br>“ 将制表符扩展为空格<br>set expandtab<br>“ 设置编辑时制表符占用空格数<br>set tabstop=4<br>“ 设置格式化时制表符占用空格数<br>set shiftwidth=4<br>“ 让 vim 把连续数量的空格视为一个制表符<br>set softtabstop=4<br>“ 随 vim 自启动<br>let g:indent_guides_enable_on_vim_startup=1<br>“ 从第二层开始可视化显示缩进<br>let g:indent_guides_start_level=2<br>“ 色块宽度<br>let g:indent_guides_guide_size=1<br>“字体<br>set guifont=YaHei\ Consolas\ Hybrid\ 14<br>“ 快捷键 i 开/关缩进可视化<br>:nmap <silent> <leader>i <plug>IndentGuidesToggle</plug></leader></silent></li>
</ul>
</div>
</article>
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<header class="title">
<h1>
<a href="/2018/06/08/go函数/">函数</a>
</h1>
<div class='ListMeta'>
<time datetime="2018-06-07T16:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">
2018-06-08
</time>
|
<ul>
<li class="meta-text">
{ <a href="/tags/go语言/">go语言</a> }
</li>
</ul>
/
<ul>
<li class="meta-text">
{ <a href="/categories/study/">study</a> }
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</header>
<div>
<h3 id="函数"><a href="#函数" class="headerlink" title="函数"></a>函数</h3><ul>
<li>代码复用</li>
<li>模块化代码便于修改</li>
<li>解决代码冗余</li>
<li>基本语法：<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> 函数名<span class="params">(形式参数列表)</span></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> 函数体</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">SumAdd</span><span class="params">(a <span class="keyword">int</span>,b <span class="keyword">int</span>)</span></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> sum <span class="keyword">int</span> </span><br><span class="line"> sum=a+b</span><br><span class="line"> fmt.Println(<span class="string">"和为："</span>,sum)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> num1,num2 <span class="keyword">int</span></span><br><span class="line"> fmt.Println(<span class="string">"请输入第一个数"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> fmt.Scanf(<span class="string">"%d\n"</span>,&num1)</span><br><span class="line"> SumAdd(num1,num2)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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