Prelude

Style is what separates the good from the great.
-- Bozhidar Batsov

The goal of this guide is to present a set of best practices and style prescriptions for Ruby on Rails 3 development. It's a complementary guide to the already existing community-driven Ruby coding style guide.

While in the guide the section Testing Rails applications is after Developing Rails applications I truly believe that Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD) is the best way to develop software. Keep that in mind.

Rails is an opinionated framework and this is an opinionated guide. In my mind I'm totally certain that RSpec is superior to Test::Unit, Sass is superior to CSS and Haml (Slim) is superior to Erb. So don't expect to find any Test::Unit, CSS or Erb advice in here.

Some of the advice here is applicable only to Rails 3.1+.

You can generate a PDF or an HTML copy of this guide using Transmuter.

Table of Contents

• Developing Rails applications
  • Configuration
  • Routing
  • Controllers
  • Models
  • Migrations
  • Views
  • Assets
  • Mailers
  • Bundler
  • Priceless Gems
  • Flawed Gems
  • Managing processes
• Testing Rails applications
  • Cucumber
  • RSpec

Developing Rails applications

Configuration

• Put custom initialization code in config/initializers. The code in initializers executes on application startup.

• The initialization code for each gem should be in a separate file with the same name as the gem, for example carrierwave.rb, active_admin.rb, etc.

• Adjust accordingly the settings for development, test and production environment (in the corresponding files under config/environments/)

  • Mark additional assets for precompilation (if any):

    ```Ruby
    # config/environments/production.rb
    # Precompile additional assets (application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS are already added)
    config.assets.precompile += %w( rails_admin/rails_admin.css rails_admin/rails_admin.js )
    ```
    

• Create an additional staging environment that closely resembles the production one.

Routing

• When you need to add more actions to a RESTful resource (do you really need them at all?) use member and collection routes.

  # bad
  get 'subscriptions/:id/unsubscribe'
  resources :subscriptions
  
  # good
  resources :subscriptions do
    get 'unsubscribe', :on => :member
  end
  
  # bad
  get 'photos/search'
  resources :photos
  
  # good
  resources :photos do
    get 'search', :on => :collection
  end

• If you need to define multiple member/collection routes use the alternative block syntax.

  resources :subscriptions do
    member do
      get 'unsubscribe'
      # more routes
    end
  end
  
  resources :photos do
    collection do
      get 'search'
      # more routes
    end
  end

• Use nested routes to express better the relationship between ActiveRecord models.

  class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_many :comments
  end
  
  class Comments < ActiveRecord::Base
    belongs_to :post
  end
  
  # routes.rb
  resources :posts do
    resources :comments
  end

• Use namespaced routes to group related actions.

  namespace :admin do
    # Directs /admin/products/* to Admin::ProductsController
    # (app/controllers/admin/products_controller.rb)
    resources :products
  end

• Never use the legacy wild controller route. This route will make all actions in every controller accessible via GET requests.

  # very bad
  match ':controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'

Controllers

• Keep the controllers skinny - they should only retrieve data for the view layer and shouldn't contain any business logic (all the business logic should naturally reside in the model).
• Each controller action should (ideally) invoke only one method other than an initial find or new.
• Share no more than two instance variables between a controller and a view.

Models

• Introduce non-ActiveRecord model classes freely.

• Name the models with meaningful (but short) names without abbreviations.

• If you need model objects that support ActiveRecord behavior like validation use the ActiveAttr gem.

  class Message
    include ActiveAttr::Model
  
    attribute :name
    attribute :email
    attribute :content
    attribute :priority
  
    attr_accessible :name, :email, :content
  
    validates_presence_of :name
    validates_format_of :email, :with => /^[-a-z0-9_+\.]+\@([-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z0-9]{2,4}$/i
    validates_length_of :content, :maximum => 500
  end

  For a more complete example refer to the RailsCast on the subject.

ActiveRecord

• Avoid altering ActiveRecord defaults (table names, primary key, etc) unless you have a very good reason (like a database that's not under your control).

• Group macro-style methods (has_many, validates, etc) in the beginning of the class definition.

• Prefer has_many :through to has_and_belongs_to_many. Using has_many :through allows additional attributes and validations on the join model.

  # using has_and_belongs_to_many
  class User < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_and_belongs_to_many :groups
  end
  
  class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_and_belongs_to_many :users
  end
  
  # prefered way - using has_many :through
  class User < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_many :memberships
    has_many :groups, through: :memberships
  end
  
  class Membership < ActiveRecord::Base
    belongs_to :user
    belongs_to :group
  end
  
  class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_many :memberships
    has_many :users, through: :memberships
  end

• Always use the new "sexy" validations.

• When a custom validation is used more than once or the validation is some regular expression mapping, create a custom validator file.

  # bad
  class Person
    validates :email, format: { with: /^([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})$/i }
  end
  
  # good
  class EmailValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
    def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
      record.errors[attribute] << (options[:message] || 'is not a valid email') unless value =~ /^([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})$/i
    end
  end
  
  class Person
    validates :email, email: true
  end

• All custom validators should be moved to a shared gem.

• Use named scopes freely.

• When a named scope defined with a lambda and parameters, becomes too complicated it is preferable to make a class method instead which serves the same purpose of the named scope and returns and ActiveRecord::Relation object.

• Beware of the behavior of the update_attribute method. It doesn't run the model validations (unlike update_attributes) and could easily corrupt the model state.

• Use user-friendly URLs. Show some descriptive attribute of the model in the URL rather than its id. There is more than one way to achieve this:

  • Override the to_param method of the model. This method is used by Rails for constructing an URL to the object. The default implementation returns the id of the record as a String. It could be overridden to include another human-readable attribute.

    ```Ruby
    class Person
      def to_param
        "#{id} #{name}".parameterize
      end
    end
    ```
    In order to convert this to a URL-friendly value, `parameterize` should be called on the string. The `id` of the
    object needs to be at the beginning so that it could be found by the `find` method of ActiveRecord.
    

  • Use the friendly_id gem. It allows creation of human-readable URLs by using some descriptive attribute of the model instead of its id.

    ```Ruby
    class Person
      extend FriendlyId
      friendly_id :name, use: :slugged
    end
    ```
    
    Check the [gem documentation](https://github.com/norman/friendly_id) for more information about its usage.
    

ActiveResource

• When the response is in a format different from the existing ones (XML and JSON) or some additional parsing of these formats is necessary, create your own custom format and use it in the class. The custom format should implement the following four methods: extension, mime_type, encode and decode.

  module ActiveResource
    module Formats
      module Extend
        module CSVFormat
          extend self
  
          def extension
            'csv'
          end
  
          def mime_type
            'text/csv'
          end
  
          def encode(hash, options = nil)
            # Encode the data in the new format and return it
          end
  
          def decode(csv)
            # Decode the data from the new format and return it
          end
        end
      end
    end
  end
  
  class User < ActiveResource::Base
    self.format = ActiveResource::Formats::Extend::CSVFormat
  
    ...
  end

• If the request should be sent without extension, override the element_path and collection_path methods of ActiveResource::Base and remove the extension part.

  class User < ActiveResource::Base
    ...
  
    def self.collection_path(prefix_options = {}, query_options = nil)
      prefix_options, query_options = split_options(prefix_options) if query_options.nil?
      "#{prefix(prefix_options)}#{collection_name}#{query_string(query_options)}"
    end
  
    def self.element_path(id, prefix_options = {}, query_options = nil)
      prefix_options, query_options = split_options(prefix_options) if query_options.nil?
      "#{prefix(prefix_options)}#{collection_name}/#{URI.parser.escape id.to_s}#{query_string(query_options)}"
    end
  end

  These methods can be overridden also if any other modifications of the URL are needed.

Migrations

• Keep the schema.rb under version control.

• Use rake db:schema:load instead of rake db:migrate to initialize an empty database.

• Use rake db:test:prepare to update the schema of the test database.

• Avoid setting defaults in the tables themselves. Use the model layer instead.

  def amount
    self[:amount] or 0
  end

  While the use of self[:attr_name] is considered fairly idiomatic, you might also consider using the slightly more verbose (and arguably more readable) read_attribute instead:

  def amount
    read_attribute(:amount) or 0
  end

• When writing constructive migrations (adding tables or columns), use the new Rails 3.1 way of doing the migrations - use the change method instead of up and down methods.

  # the old way
  class AddNameToPerson < ActiveRecord::Migration
    def up
      add_column :persons, :name, :string
    end
  
    def down
      remove_column :person, :name
    end
  end
  
  # the new prefered way
  class AddNameToPerson < ActiveRecord::Migration
    def change
      add_column :persons, :name, :string
    end
  end

Views

• Never call the model layer directly from a view.
• Never make complex formatting in the views, export the formatting to a method in the view helper or the model.
• Mitigate code duplication by using partial templates and layouts.
• Add client side validation for the custom validators. The steps to do this are:

  • Declare a custom validator which extends ClientSideValidations::Middleware::Base

    ```Ruby
    module ClientSideValidations::Middleware
      class Email < Base
        def response
          if request.params[:email] =~ /^([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})$/i
            self.status = 200
          else
            self.status = 404
          end
          super
        end
      end
    end
    ```
    

  • Create a new file public/javascripts/rails.validations.custom.js.coffee and add a reference to it in your application.js.coffee file:

    ```Ruby
    # app/assets/javascripts/application.js.coffee
    #= require rails.validations.custom
    ```
    

  • Add your client-side validator:

    ```Ruby
    #public/javascripts/rails.validations.custom.js.coffee
    clientSideValidations.validators.remote['email'] = (element, options) ->
      if $.ajax({
        url: '/validators/email.json',
        data: { email: element.val() },
        async: false
      }).status == 404
        return options.message || 'invalid e-mail format'
    ```
    

Internationalization

• No strings or other locale specific settings should be used in the views, models and controllers. These texts should be moved to the locale files in the config/locales directory.

• When the labels of an ActiveRecord model need to be translated, use the activerecord scope:

  en:
    activerecord:
      models:
        user: Member
      attributes:
        user:
          name: "Full name"
  

  Then User.model_name.human will return "Member" and User.human_attribute_name("name") will return "Full name". These translations of the attributes will be used as labels in the views.

• Separate the texts used in the views from translations of ActiveRecord attributes. Place the locale files for the models in a folder models and the texts used in the views in folder views.

  • When organization of the locale files is done with additional directories, these directories must be described in the application.rb file in order to be loaded.

    ```Ruby
    # config/application.rb
    config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('config', 'locales', '**', '*.{rb,yml}')]
    ```
    

• Place the shared localization options, such as date or currency formats, in files under the root of the locales directory.

• Use the short form of the I18n methods: I18n.t instead of I18n.translate and I18n.l instead of I18n.localize.

• Use "lazy" lookup for the texts used in views. Let's say we have the following structure:

  en:
    users:
      show:
        title: "User details page"
  

  The value for users.show.title can be looked up in the template app/views/users/show.html.haml like this:

  = t '.title'

• Use the dot-separated keys in the controllers and models instead of specifying the :scope option. The dot-separated call is easier to read and trace the hierarchy.

  # use this call
  I18n.t 'activerecord.errors.messages.record_invalid'
  
  # instead of this
  I18n.t :record_invalid, :scope => [:activerecord, :errors, :messages]

• More detailed information about the Rails i18n can be found in the [Rails Guides] (http://guides.rubyonrails.org/i18n.html)

Assets

Use the assets pipeline to leverage organization within your application.

• Reserve app/assets for custom stylesheets, javascripts, or images.
• Third party code such as jQuery or bootstrap should be placed in vendor/assets.
• When possible, use gemified versions of assets (e.g. jquery-rails).

Mailers

• Name the mailers SomethingMailer. Without the Mailer suffix it isn't immediately apparent what's a mailer and which views are related to the mailer.

• Provide both HTML and plain-text view templates.

• Enable errors raised on failed mail delivery in your development environment. The errors are disabled by default.

  # config/environments/development.rb
  
  config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = true

• Use smtp.gmail.com for SMTP server in the development environment (unless you have local SMTP server, of course).

  # config/environments/development.rb
  
  config.action_mailer.smtp_settings = {
    address: 'smtp.gmail.com',
    # more settings
  }

• Provide default settings for the host name.

  # config/environments/development.rb
  config.action_mailer.default_url_options = {host: "#{local_ip}:3000"}
  
  
  # config/environments/production.rb
  config.action_mailer.default_url_options = {host: 'your_site.com'}
  
  # in your mailer class
  default_url_options[:host] = 'your_site.com'

• If you need to use a link to your site in an email, always use the _url, not _path methods. The _url methods include the host name and the _path methods don't.

  # wrong
  You can always find more info about this course
  = link_to 'here', url_for(course_path(@course))
  
  # right
  You can always find more info about this course
  = link_to 'here', url_for(course_url(@course))

• Format the from and to addresses properly. Use the following format:

  # in your mailer class
  default from: 'Your Name <info@your_site.com>'

• Make sure that the e-mail delivery method for your test environment is set to test:

  # config/environments/test.rb
  
  config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test

• The delivery method for development and production should be smtp:

  # config/environments/development.rb, config/environments/production.rb
  
  config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp

• When sending html emails all styles should be inline, as some mail clients have problems with external styles. This however makes them harder to maintain and leads to code duplication. There are two similar gems that transform the styles and put them in the corresponding html tags: premailer-rails3 and roadie.

• Sending emails while generating page response should be avoided. It causes delays in loading of the page and request can timeout if multiple email are send. To overcome this emails can be send in background process with the help of delayed_job gem.

Bundler

• Put gems used only for development or testing in the appropriate group in the Gemfile.

• Use only established gems in your projects. If you're contemplating on including some little-known gem you should do a careful review of its source code first.

• OS-specific gems will by default result in a constantly changing Gemfile.lock for projects with multiple developers using different operating systems. Add all OS X specific gems to a darwin group in the Gemfile, and all Linux specific gems to a linux group:

  # Gemfile
  group :darwin do
    gem 'rb-fsevent'
    gem 'growl'
  end
  
  group :linux do
    gem 'rb-inotify'
  end

  To require the appropriate gems in the right environment, add the following to config/application.rb:

  platform = RUBY_PLATFORM.match(/(linux|darwin)/)[0].to_sym
  Bundler.require(platform)

• Do not remove the Gemfile.lock from version control. This is not some randomly generated file - it makes sure that all of your team members get the same gem versions when they do a bundle install.

Priceless Gems

One of the most important programming principles is "Don't reinvent the wheel!". If you're faced with a certain task you should always look around a bit for existing solutions, before unrolling your own. Here's a list of some "priceless" gems (all of them Rails 3.1 compliant) that are useful in many Rails projects:

• active_admin - With ActiveAdmin the creation of admin interface for your Rails app is child's play. You get a nice dashboard, CRUD UI and lots more. Very flexible and customizable.
• capybara - Capybara aims to simplify the process of integration testing Rack applications, such as Rails, Sinatra or Merb. Capybara simulates how a real user would interact with a web application. It is agnostic about the driver running your tests and currently comes with Rack::Test and Selenium support built in. HtmlUnit, WebKit and env.js are supported through external gems. Works great in combination with RSpec & Cucumber.
• carrierwave - the ultimate file upload solution for Rails. Support both local and cloud storage for the uploaded files (and many other cool things). Integrates great with ImageMagick for image post-processing.
• client_side_validations - Fantastic gem that automatically creates JavaScript client-side validations from your existing server-side model validations. Highly recommended!
• compass-rails - Great gem that adds support for some css frameworks. Includes collection of sass mixins that reduces code of css files and help fight with browser incompatibilities.
• cucumber-rails - Cucumber is the premium tool to develop feature tests in Ruby. cucumber-rails provides Rails integration for Cucumber.
• devise - Devise is full-featured authentication solution for Rails applications. In most cases it's preferable to use devise to unrolling your custom authentication solution.
• fabrication - a great fixture replacement (editor's choice).
• factory_girl - an alternative to fabrication. Nice and mature fixture replacement. Spiritual ancestor of fabrication.
• faker - handy gem to generate dummy data (names, addresses, etc).
• feedzirra - Very fast and flexible RSS/Atom feed parser.
• friendly_id - Allows creation of human-readable URLs by using some descriptive attribute of the model instead of its id.
• guard - fantastic gem that monitors file changes and invokes tasks based on them. Loaded with lots of useful extension. Far superior to autotest and watchr.
• haml-rails - haml-rails provides Rails integration for Haml.
• haml - HAML is a concise templating language, considered by many (including yours truly) to be far superior to Erb.
• kaminari - Great paginating solution.
• machinist - Fixtures aren't fun. Machinist is.
• rspec-rails - RSpec is a replacement for Test::MiniTest. I cannot recommend highly enough RSpec. rspec-rails provides Rails integration for RSpec.
• simple_form - once you've used simple_form (or formtastic) you'll never want to hear about Rails's default forms. It has a great DSL for building forms and no opinion on markup.
• simplecov-rcov - RCov formatter for SimpleCov. Useful if you're trying to use SimpleCov with the Hudson contininous integration server.
• simplecov - code coverage tool. Unlike RCov it's fully compatible with Ruby 1.9. Generates great reports. Must have!
• slim - Slim is a concise templating language, considered by many far superior to HAML (not to mention Erb). The only thing stopping me from using Slim massively is the lack of good support in major editors/IDEs. Its performance is phenomenal.
• spork - A DRb server for testing frameworks (RSpec / Cucumber currently) that forks before each run to ensure a clean testing state. Simply put it preloads a lot of test environment and as consequence the startup time of your tests in greatly decreased. Absolute must have!
• sunspot - SOLR powered full-text search engine.

This list is not exhaustive and other gems might be added to it along the road. All of the gems on the list are field tested, have active development and community and are known to be of good code quality.

Flawed Gems

This is a list of gems that are either problematic or superseded by other gems. You should avoid using them in your projects.

• rmagick - this gem is notorious for its memory consumption. Use minimagick instead.
• autotest - old solution for running tests automatically. Far inferior to guard and watchr.
• rcov - code coverage tool, not compatible with Ruby 1.9. Use SimpleCov instead.
• therubyracer - the use of this gem in production is strongly discouraged as it uses a very large amount of memory. I'd suggest using Mustang instead.

This list is also a work in progress. Please, let me know if you know other popular, but flawed gems.

Managing processes

• If your projects depends on various external processes use foreman to manage them.

Testing Rails applications

The best approach to implementing new features is probably the BDD approach. You start out by writing some high level feature tests (generally written using Cucumber), then you use these tests to drive out the implementation of the feature. First you write view specs for the feature and use those specs to create the relevant views. Afterwards you create the specs for the controller(s) that will be feeding data to the views and use those specs to implement the controller. Finally you implement the models specs and the models themselves.

Cucumber

• Tag your pending scenarios with @wip (work in progress). These scenarios will not be taken into account and will not be marked as failing. When finishing the work on a pending scenario and implementing the functionality it tests, the tag @wip should be removed in order to include this scenario in the test suite.

• Setup your default profile to exclude the scenarios tagged with @javascript. They are testing using the browser and disabling them is recommended to increase the regular scenarios execution speed.

• Setup a separate profile for the scenarios marked with @javascript tag.

  • The profiles can be configured in the cucumber.yml file.

    ```Ruby
    # definition of a profile:
    profile_name: --tags @tag_name
    ```
    

  • A profile is run with the command:

    ```
    cucumber -p profile_name
    ```
    

• If using fabrication for fixtures replacement, use the predefined fabrication steps

• Do not use the old web_steps.rb step definitions! The web steps were removed from the latest version of Cucumber. Their usage leads to the creation of verbose scenarios that do not properly reflect the application domain.

• When checking for the presence of an element with visible text (link, button, etc.) check for the text, not the element id. This can detect problems with the i18n.

• Create separate features for different functionality regarding the same kind of objects:

  # bad
  Feature: Articles
  # ... feature  implementation ...
  
  # good
  Feature: Article Editing
  # ... feature  implementation ...
  
  Feature: Article Publishing
  # ... feature  implementation ...
  
  Feature: Article Search
  # ... feature  implementation ...

• Each feature has three main components

  • Title
  • Narrative - a short explanation what the feature is about.
  • Acceptance criteria - the set of scenarios each made up of individual steps.

• The most common format is known as the Connextra format.

  In order to [benefit] ...
  A [stakeholder]...
  Wants to [feature] ...

This format is the most common but is not required, the narrative can be free text depending on the complexity of the feature.

• Use Scenario Outlines freely to keep the scenarios DRY.

  Scenario Outline: User cannot register with invalid e-mail
    When I try to register with an email "<email>"
    Then I should see the error message "<error>"
  
  Examples:
    |email         |error                 |
    |              |The e-mail is required|
    |invalid email |is not a valid e-mail |

• The steps for the scenarios are in .rb files under the step_definitions directory. The naming convention for the steps file is [description]_steps.rb. The steps can be separated into different files based on different criterias. It is possible to have one steps file for each feature (home_page_steps.rb). There also can be one steps file for all features for a particular object (articles_steps.rb).

• Use multiline step arguments to avoid repetition

  Scenario: User profile
    Given I am logged in as a user "John Doe" with an e-mail "[email protected]"
    When I go to my profile
    Then I should see the following information:
      |First name|John         |
      |Last name |Doe          |
      |E-mail    |user@test.com|
  
  # the step:
  Then /^I should see the following information:$/ do |table|
    table.raw.each do |field, value|
      find_field(field).value.should =~ /#{value}/
    end
  end

• Use compound steps to keep the scenario DRY

  # ...
  When I subscribe for news from the category "Technical News"
  # ...
  
  # the step:
  When /^I subscribe for news from the category "([^"]*)"$/ do |category|
    steps %Q{
      When I go to the news categories page
      And I select the category #{category}
      And I click the button "Subscribe for this category"
      And I confirm the subscription
    }
  end

• Always use the Capybara negative matchers instead of should_not with positive, they will retry the match for given timeout allowing you to test ajax actions. See Capybara's README for more explanation

RSpec

• Use just one expectation per example.

  # bad
  describe ArticlesController do
    #...
  
    describe 'GET new' do
      it 'assigns new article and renders the new article template' do
        get :new
        assigns[:article].should be_a_new Article
        response.should render_template :new
      end
    end
  
    # ...
  end
  
  # good
  describe ArticlesController do
    #...
  
    describe 'GET new' do
      it 'assigns a new article' do
        get :new
        assigns[:article].should be_a_new Article
      end
  
      it 'renders the new article template' do
        get :new
        response.should render_template :new
      end
    end
  
  end

• Make heavy use of describe and context

• Name the describe blocks as follows:

  • use "description" for non-methods

  • use pound "#method" for instance methods

  • use dot ".method" for class methods

    class Article
      def summary
        #...
      end
    
      def self.latest
        #...
      end
    end
    
    # the spec...
    describe Article
      describe '#summary'
        #...
      end
    
      describe '.latest'
        #...
      end
    end

• Use fabricators to create test objects.

• Make heavy use of mocks and stubs

  # mocking a model
  article = mock_model(Article)
  
  # stubbing a method
  Article.stub(:find).with(article.id).and_return(article)

• When mocking a model, use the as_null_object method. It tells the output to listen only for messages we expect and ignore any other messages.

  article = mock_model(Article).as_null_object

• Use let blocks instead of before(:each) blocks to create data for the spec examples. let blocks get lazily evaluated.

  # use this:
  let(:article) { Fabricate(:article) }
  
  # ... instead of this:
  before(:each) { @article = Fabricate(:article) }

• Use subject when possible

  describe Article do
    subject { Fabricate(:article) }
  
    it 'is not published on creation' do
      subject.should_not be_published
    end
  end

• Use specify if possible. It is a synonym of it but is more readable when there is no docstring.

  # bad
  describe Article do
    before { @article = Fabricate(:article) }
  
    it 'is not published on creation' do
      @article.should_not be_published
    end
  end
  
  # good
  describe Article do
    let(:article) { Fabricate(:article) }
    specify { article.should_not be_published }
  end

• Use its when possible

  # bad
  describe Article do
    subject { Fabricate(:article) }
  
    it 'has the current date as creation date' do
      subject.creation_date.should == Date.today
    end
  end
  
  # good
  describe Article do
    subject { Fabricate(:article) }
    its(:creation_date) { should == Date.today }
  end

Views

• The directory structure of the view specs spec/views matches the one in app/views. For example the specs for the views in app/views/users are placed in spec/views/users.

• The naming convention for the view specs is adding _spec.rb to the view name, for example the view _form.html.haml has a corresponding spec _form.html.haml_spec.rb.

• spec_helper.rb need to be required in each view spec file.

• The outer describe block uses the path to the view without the app/views part. This is used by the render method when it is called without arguments.

  # spec/views/articles/new.html.haml_spec.rb
  require 'spec_helper'
  
  describe 'articles/new.html.haml' do
    # ...
  end

• Always mock the models in the view specs. The purpose of the view is only to display information.

• The method assign supplies the instance variables which the view uses and are supplied by the controller.

  # spec/views/articles/edit.html.haml_spec.rb
  describe 'articles/edit.html.haml' do
  it 'renders the form for a new article creation' do
    assign(
      :article,
      mock_model(Article).as_new_record.as_null_object
    )
    render
    rendered.should have_selector('form',
      method: 'post',
      action: articles_path
    ) do |form|
      form.should have_selector('input', type: 'submit')
    end
  end

• Prefer the capybara negative selectors over should_not with the positive.

  # bad
  page.should_not have_selector('input', type: 'submit')
  page.should_not have_xpath('tr')
  
  # good
  page.should have_no_selector('input', type: 'submit')
  page.should have_no_xpath('tr')

• When a view uses helper methods, these methods need to be stubbed. Stubbing the helper methods is done on the template object:

  # app/helpers/articles_helper.rb
  class ArticlesHelper
    def formatted_date(date)
      # ...
    end
  end
  
  # app/views/articles/show.html.haml
  = "Published at: #{formatted_date(@article.published_at)}"
  
  # spec/views/articles/show.html.haml_spec.rb
  describe 'articles/show.html.html' do
    it 'displays the formatted date of article publishing'
      article = mock_model(Article, published_at: Date.new(2012, 01, 01))
      assign(:article, article)
  
      template.stub(:formatted_date).with(article.published_at).and_return '01.01.2012'
  
      render
      rendered.should have_content('Published at: 01.01.2012')
    end
  end

• The helpers specs are separated from the view specs in the spec/helpers directory.

Controllers

• Mock the models and stub their methods. Testing the controller should not depend on the model creation.

• Test only the behaviour the controller should be responsible about:

  • Execution of particular methods

  • Data returned from the action - assigns, etc.

  • Result from the action - template render, redirect, etc.

    ```Ruby
    # Example of a commonly used controller spec
    # spec/controllers/articles_controller_spec.rb
    # We are interested only in the actions the controller should perform
    # So we are mocking the model creation and stubbing its methods
    # And we concentrate only on the things the controller should do
    
    describe ArticlesController do
      # The model will be used in the specs for all methods of the controller
      let(:article) { mock_model(Article) }
    
      describe 'POST create' do
        before { Article.stub(:new).and_return(article) }
    
        it 'creates a new article with the given attributes' do
          Article.should_receive(:new).with(title: 'The New Article Title').and_return(article)
          post :create, message: { title: 'The New Article Title' }
        end
    
        it 'saves the article' do
          article.should_receive(:save)
          post :create
        end
    
        it 'redirects to the Articles index' do
          article.stub(:save)
          post :create
          response.should redirect_to(action: 'index')
        end
      end
    end
    ```
    

• Use context when the controller action has different behaviour depending on the received params.

  # A classic example for use of contexts in a controller spec is creation or update when the object saves successfully or not.
  
  describe ArticlesController do
    let(:article) { mock_model(Article) }
  
    describe 'POST create' do
      before { Article.stub(:new).and_return(article) }
  
      it 'creates a new article with the given attributes' do
        Article.should_receive(:new).with(title: 'The New Article Title').and_return(article)
        post :create, article: { title: 'The New Article Title' }
      end
  
      it 'saves the article' do
        article.should_receive(:save)
        post :create
      end
  
      context 'when the article saves successfully' do
        before { article.stub(:save).and_return(true) }
  
        it 'sets a flash[:notice] message' do
          post :create
          flash[:notice].should eq('The article was saved successfully.')
        end
  
        it 'redirects to the Articles index' do
          post :create
          response.should redirect_to(action: 'index')
        end
      end
  
      context 'when the article fails to save' do
        before { article.stub(:save).and_return(false) }
  
        it 'assigns @article' do
          post :create
          assigns[:article].should be_eql(article)
        end
  
        it 're-renders the "new" template' do
          post :create
          response.should render_template('new')
        end
      end
    end
  end

Models

• Do not mock the models in their own specs.

• Use fabrication to make real objects.

• It is acceptable to mock other models or child objects.

• Create the model for all examples in the spec to avoid duplication.

  describe Article
    let(:article) { Fabricate(:article) }
  end

• Add an example ensuring that the fabricated model is valid.

  describe Article
    it 'is valid with valid attributes' do
      article.should be_valid
    end
  end

• When testing validations, use have(x).errors_on to specify the attibute which should be validated. Using be_valid does not guarantee that the problem is in the intended attribute.

  # bad
  describe '#title'
    it 'is required' do
      article.title = nil
      article.should_not be_valid
    end
  end
  
  # prefered
  describe '#title'
    it 'is required' do
      article.title = nil
      article.should have(1).error_on(:title)
    end
  end

• Add a separate describe for each attribute which has validations.

  describe Article
    describe '#title'
      it 'is required' do
        article.title = nil
        article.should have(1).error_on(:title)
      end
    end
  end

• When testing uniqueness of a model attribute, name the other object another_object.

  describe Article
    describe '#title'
      it 'is unique' do
        another_article = Fabricate.build(:article, title: article.title)
        article.should have(1).error_on(:title)
      end
    end
  end

Mailers

• The model in the mailer spec should be mocked. The mailer should not depend on the model creation.
• The mailer spec should verify that:

  • the subject is correct

  • the receiver e-mail is correct

  • the e-mail is sent to the right e-mail address

  • the e-mail contains the required information

    describe SubscriberMailer
      let(:subscriber) { mock_model(Subscription, email: '[email protected]', name: 'John Doe') }
    
      describe 'successful registration email'
        subject { SubscriptionMailer.successful_registration_email(subscriber) }
    
        its(:subject) { should == 'Successful Registration!' }
        its(:from) { should == ['info@your_site.com'] }
        its(:to) { should == [subscriber.email] }
    
        it 'contains the subscriber name' do
          subject.body.encoded.should match(subscriber.name)
        end
      end
    end

Uploaders

• What we can test about an uploader is whether the images are resized correctly. Here is a sample spec of a carrierwave image uploader:

  # rspec/uploaders/person_avatar_uploader_spec.rb
  require 'spec_helper'
  require 'carrierwave/test/matchers'
  
  describe PersonAvatarUploader do
    include CarrierWave::Test::Matchers
  
    # Enable images processing before executing the examples
    before(:all) do
      UserAvatarUploader.enable_processing = true
    end
  
    # Create a new uploader. The model is mocked as the uploading and resizing images does not depend on the model creation.
    before(:each) do
      @uploader = PersonAvatarUploader.new(mock_model(Person).as_null_object)
      @uploader.store!(File.open(path_to_file))
    end
  
    # Disable images processing after executing the examples
    after(:all) do
      UserAvatarUploader.enable_processing = false
    end
  
    # Testing whether image is no larger than given dimensions
    context 'the default version' do
      it 'scales down an image to be no larger than 256 by 256 pixels' do
        @uploader.should be_no_larger_than(256, 256)
      end
    end
  
    # Testing whether image has the exact dimensions
    context 'the thumb version' do
      it 'scales down an image to be exactly 64 by 64 pixels' do
        @uploader.thumb.should have_dimensions(64, 64)
      end
    end
  end

Further Reading

There are a few excellent resources on Rails style, that you should consider if you have time to spare:

• The Rails 3 Way
• Ruby on Rails Guides
• The RSpec Book

Contributing

Nothing written in this guide is set in stone. It's my desire to work together with everyone interested in Rails coding style, so that we could ultimately create a resource that will be beneficial to the entire Ruby community.

Feel free to open tickets or send pull requests with improvements. Thanks in advance for your help!

Spread the Word

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