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Merge pull request Light-City#32 from Aurelius84/master
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Polish content and style of basic_content/abstract
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Light-City authored Jun 14, 2020
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144 changes: 113 additions & 31 deletions basic_content/abstract/README.md
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## 1.纯虚函数与抽象类

C++中的纯虚函数(或抽象函数)是我们没有实现的虚函数!我们只需声明它!通过声明中赋值0来声明纯虚函数!

对应的代码:[test.cpp](./test.cpp)

* 纯虚函数:没有函数体的虚函数
C++中的纯虚函数(或抽象函数)是我们没有实现的虚函数!我们只需声明它! 通过声明中赋值0来声明纯虚函数!
```cpp
// 抽象类
Class A {
public:
virtual void show() = 0; // 纯虚函数
/* Other members */
};
```

* 纯虚函数:没有函数体的虚函数
* 抽象类:包含纯虚函数的类

对应的代码:[pure_virtual.cpp](./pure_virtual.cpp)

抽象类只能作为基类来派生新类使用,不能创建抽象类的对象,抽象类的指针和引用->由抽象类派生出来的类的对象!

> 代码样例:[test.cpp](./test.cpp)[pure_virtual.cpp](./pure_virtual.cpp)
## 2.实现抽象类

抽象类中:在成员函数内可以调用纯虚函数,在构造函数/析构函数内部不能使用纯虚函数。

如果一个类从抽象类派生而来,它必须实现了基类中的所有纯虚函数,才能成为非抽象类。

对应的代码:[abstract.cpp](./abstract.cpp)
```cpp
// A为抽象类
class A {
public:
virtual void f() = 0; // 纯虚函数
void g(){ this->f(); }
A(){} // 构造函数
};

class B : public A{
public:
void f(){ cout<<"B:f()"<<endl;} // 实现了抽象类的纯虚函数
};
```
> 代码样例:[abstract.cpp](./abstract.cpp)
## 3.重要点
- 纯虚函数使一个类变成抽象类

对应的代码:[interesting_facts1.cpp](./interesting_facts1.cpp)

- 抽象类类型的指针和引用

对应的代码:[interesting_facts2.cpp](./interesting_facts2.cpp)

- 如果我们不在派生类中覆盖纯虚函数,那么派生类也会变成抽象类。

对应的代码:[interesting_facts3.cpp](./interesting_facts3.cpp)

- 抽象类可以有构造函数

对应的代码:[interesting_facts4.cpp](./interesting_facts4.cpp)

- 构造函数不能是虚函数,而析构函数可以是虚析构函数。

对应的代码:[interesting_facts5.cpp](./interesting_facts5.cpp)

当基类指针指向派生类对象并删除对象时,我们可能希望调用适当的析构函数。如果析构函数不是虚拟的,则只能调用基类析构函数。
- [纯虚函数使一个类变成抽象类](./interesting_facts1.cpp)
```cpp
// 抽象类至少包含一个纯虚函数
class Base{
public:
virtual void show() = 0; // 纯虚函数
int getX() { return x; } // 普通成员函数
private:
int x;
};
```

- [抽象类类型的指针和引用](./interesting_facts2.cpp)
```cpp
class Derived : public Base {
public:
void show() { cout << "In Derived \n"; } // 实现抽象类的纯虚函数
Derived(){} // 构造函数
};

int main(void)
{
//Base b; // error! 不能创建抽象类的对象
//Base *b = new Base(); error!

Base *bp = new Derived(); // 抽象类的指针和引用 -> 由抽象类派生出来的类的对象
bp->show();
return 0;
}
```
- [如果我们不在派生类中覆盖纯虚函数,那么派生类也会变成抽象类](./interesting_facts3.cpp)
```cpp
// Derived为抽象类
class Derived: public Base
{
public:
// void show() {}
};
```

- [抽象类可以有构造函数](./interesting_facts4.cpp)
```cpp
// 抽象类
class Base {
protected:
int x;
public:
virtual void fun() = 0;
Base(int i) { x = i; } // 构造函数
};
// 派生类
class Derived: public Base
{
int y;
public:
Derived(int i, int j) : Base(i) { y = j; } // 构造函数
void fun() { cout << "x = " << x << ", y = " << y; }
};
```

- [构造函数不能是虚函数,而析构函数可以是虚析构函数](./interesting_facts5.cpp)
```cpp
// 抽象类
class Base {
public:
Base(){ cout << "Constructor: Base" << endl; }
virtual ~Base(){ cout << "Destructor : Base" << endl; }

virtual void func() = 0;
};

class Derived: public Base {
public:
Derived(){ cout << "Constructor: Derived" << endl; }
~Derived(){ cout << "Destructor : Derived" << endl;}

void func(){cout << "In Derived.func()." << endl;}
};
```
>当基类指针指向派生类对象并删除对象时,我们可能希望调用适当的析构函数。
> 如果析构函数不是虚拟的,则只能调用基类析构函数。
## 4.完整实例
抽象类由派生类继承实现!
对应的代码[derived_full.cpp](./derived_full.cpp)
> 代码样例:[derived_full.cpp](./derived_full.cpp)
8 changes: 2 additions & 6 deletions basic_content/abstract/abstract.cpp
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* @date 2019-07-20
*/




#include<iostream>


using namespace std;

class A {
public:
virtual void f() = 0;
virtual void f() = 0; // 纯虚函数
void g(){ this->f(); }
A(){}
};
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion basic_content/abstract/derived_full.cpp
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Expand Up @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class Derived: public Base
{
int y;
public:
void fun() { cout << "fun() called"; } ///< 实现了fun()函数
void fun() { cout << "fun() called"; } // 实现了fun()函数
};

int main(void)
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1 change: 0 additions & 1 deletion basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts1.cpp
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Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;


/**
* @brief 抽象类至少包含一个纯虚函数
*/
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1 change: 0 additions & 1 deletion basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts3.cpp
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Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;


class Base
{
int x;
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13 changes: 9 additions & 4 deletions basic_content/abstract/pure_virtual.cpp
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Expand Up @@ -16,14 +16,19 @@ class A
private:
int a;
public:
virtual void show()=0; //< 纯虚函数
virtual void show()=0; // 纯虚函数
};


int main()
{
// 抽象类只能作为基类来派生新类使用,不能创建抽象类的对象,抽象类的指针和引用->由抽象类派生出来的类的对象!
// A a; // error 抽象类,不能创建对象
/*
* 1. 抽象类只能作为基类来派生新类使用
* 2. 抽象类的指针和引用->由抽象类派生出来的类的对象!
*/
A a; // error 抽象类,不能创建对象

A *a1; // ok 可以定义抽象类的指针
// A *a2 = new A; // error,A是抽象类,不能创建对象

A *a2 = new A(); // error, A是抽象类,不能创建对象
}
6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions practical_exercises/10_day_practice/day9/异常例子/3.cpp
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Expand Up @@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ using namespace std;
void temperature(int t)
{
try{
if(t==100) throw "·Ðµã£¡";
else if(t==0) throw "±ùµã£¡";
if(t==100) throw "It's at the boiling point.";
else if(t==0) throw "It reached the freezing point";
else cout<<"the temperature is OK..."<<endl;
}
catch(int x){cout<<"temperatore="<<x<<endl;}
catch(int x){cout<<"temperature="<<x<<endl;}
catch(char const*s){cout<<s<<endl;}
}
int main(){
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions practical_exercises/10_day_practice/day9/异常例子/9.cpp
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Expand Up @@ -17,17 +17,17 @@ class DiskNotFound:public FileSysException{
public:
char *Where(){return "DiskNotFound...";}
};
void main(){
int main(){
try{
..... //³ÌÐò´úÂë
// ..... //³ÌÐò´úÂë
throw FileSysException();
}
catch(DiskNotFound p){cout<<p.Where()<<endl;}
catch(FileNotFound p){cout<<p.Where()<<endl;}
catch(FileSysException p){cout<<p.Where()<<endl;}
catch(BasicException p){cout<<p.Where()<<endl;}
try{
..... //³ÌÐò´úÂë
// ..... //³ÌÐò´úÂë
throw DiskNotFound();
}
catch(BasicException p){cout<<p.Where()<<endl;}
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