Add optimized simultaneous ECDF bands

[sethaxen]

Description

This pull request adds the optimization method from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-022-10090-6 for computing simultaneous ECDF bands and switches to using it as the default approach uses it as the default approach sometimes based on a heuristic.

Part of #2309. The changes are non-breaking, since the docstring of plot_ecdf intentionally does not document which method is the default.

Example

import numpy as np
import scipy.stats

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import arviz as az

np.random.seed(0)

dist = scipy.stats.expon()
x = dist.rvs(1000)

eval_points = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)

fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(8, 5))
%time az.plot_ecdf(x, ax=axs[0], eval_points=eval_points, confidence_bands=True, cdf=dist.cdf, difference=True)
%time az.plot_ecdf(x, ax=axs[1], eval_points=eval_points, confidence_bands='simulated', cdf=dist.cdf, difference=True)
axs[0].set_title('Optimized confidence bands')
axs[1].set_title('Simulated confidence bands')
plt.tight_layout()

CPU times: user 261 ms, sys: 116 μs, total: 261 ms
Wall time: 261 ms
CPU times: user 96.2 ms, sys: 32 μs, total: 96.3 ms
Wall time: 96.3 ms

Note that while optimized confidence bands are more stable than simulated, with this implementation they are not necessarily faster. Perhaps that can be improved using Numba.

Checklist

• Does the PR follow official
  PR format?
• Has included a sample plot to visually illustrate the changes? (only for plot-related functions)
• Is the new feature properly documented with an example?
• Does the PR include new or updated tests to cover the new feature (using pytest fixture pattern)?
• Is the code style correct (follows pylint and black guidelines)?
• Is the new feature listed in the New features
  section of the changelog?

---

📚 Documentation preview 📚: https://arviz--2368.org.readthedocs.build/en/2368/

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 82.27848% with 14 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 86.99%. Comparing base (e6b5e2b) to head (054efa6).
Report is 13 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
arviz/stats/ecdf_utils.py	80.28%	14 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #2368      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   87.01%   86.99%   -0.03%     
==========================================
  Files         124      124              
  Lines       12788    12862      +74     
==========================================
+ Hits        11128    11189      +61     
- Misses       1660     1673      +13     

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[sethaxen]

I worked out how to JIT compile with numba and definitely see large speed-ups for low ndraws and len(evaluation_points). For large ndraws the sizes of the prob_conditional matrices increases, and for large len(evaluation_points) the number of matmuls increase, so the paper mentions the following approach for efficiency:

The computation time required can be further reduced by using a grid of pre-computed values as the adjustment parameters, and interpolate for different values of N in log-log scale.

bayesplot defaults to interpolation for ndraws >= 100 & len(evaluation_points) > 200. I'll need to think more about whether this would work for arbitrary ECDFs or only for cases where the CDF at eval points is a uniform grid between 0 and 1 (as is the case for uniform eval points for uniform distribution).

[sethaxen]

I'll need to think more about whether this would work for arbitrary ECDFs or only for cases where the CDF at eval points is a uniform grid between 0 and 1 (as is the case for uniform eval points for uniform distribution).

Yeah, that's the only context where this makes sense, which is the same context as PIT plots. Ergo, I'll leave interpolation for a separate PR, and in this PR I'll use a benchmark to heuristically identify when we should switch from optimized bands to simulated as the default in plot_ecdf.

[OriolAbril]

changes look good, not sure if you still need help with numba, if so it wasn't clear to me what wasn't working. Do you have more changes planned for ecdf functionality? I wanted to test porting it to arviz-stats too

[sethaxen]

changes look good, not sure if you still need help with numba, if so it wasn't clear to me what wasn't working.

No, it works now and is tested.

Do you have more changes planned for ecdf functionality?

Yes, mainly to make this efficient for multi-panel PIT plots. For those cases one wants to compute the band once and then add it to each subplot. And the band can be computed more efficiently in many cases by us fitting the band probability using optimization for a wide range of values and then interpolating.

Efficiency boosts shouldn't block porting it. It's just that as I implement the changes, it may motivate some code restructuring, so maybe it's better to hold off on porting until that is finished?

Later I will add the rank ECDF plots and corresponding bands, but that's strictly addition of new features and maybe should be added directly to arviz-stats.