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Java to Kotlin 语法清单

时刻对新事物保持好奇心

Google I/O 2017 宣布在 Android Studio 3.0 将默认支持 Kotlin 用于 Android 开发. 请注意 Google 只是宣布 Kotlin 作为 Android 开发的一级语言,并没有说要用其取代 Java ,这里很多无脑媒体进行了过度解读。作为一名合格的程序员,首先要理性看待技术迭代更新,同时要对新事物保持强烈的好奇心。

Kotlin 简介

Kotlin 来自于捷克一家牛逼软件研发公司 JetBrains ,很多优秀的 IDE,如 IntelliJ IDEA、PyCharm、WebStorm 等都是它的杰作,包括 Google 官方的 Android IDE -- Android Studio ,也是 IntelliJ IDEA 的插件版。

Kotlin 源于 JetBrains 的圣彼得堡团队,名称取自圣彼得堡附近的一个小岛 ( Kotlin Island ) ,JetBrains 在 2010 年首次推出 Kotlin 编程语言,并在次年将之开源。

Kotlin 的特点

Kotlin 是一个基于 JVM 的编程语言,与 Java 有很深的渊源。它能与 Java 100% 互通,具备诸多 Java 尚不支持的新特性。Kotlin 可以编译成 Java 字节码,也可以编译成 JavaScript ,方便在没有 JVM 的设备上运行,可用于移动端以及 Web 开发,是一种全栈式开发语言。

Java to Kotlin

下面是 Java to Kotlin 主要语法,以便于你快速认识 Kotlin 这门语言。

变量

Java

String lan = "Hello Kotlin";

final String lan = "Hello Kotlin";

Kotlin

var lan = "Hello Kotlin"

val lan = "Hello Kotlin"

打印字符串

Java

System.out.print("Hello Kotlin");

System.out.println("Hello Kotlin");

Kotlin

print("Hello Kotlin");

println("Hello Kotlin");

字符串模板

Java

String name = "haohao";

int age = 25;

String msg = "I am " + name + ", " + age + " years old.";

String text = "Hello Kotlin\n" +
              "Hello Android\n" +
              "Hello TensorFlow";

Kotlin

var name = "haohao";

var age = 25;

var msg = "I am $name , $age years old.";

var text = """
    |Hello Kotlin    
    |Hello Android
    |Hello TensorFlow
    """.trimMargin()
// trimMargin() 去除连接符 `|`

空声明

Java

String name = null;

Kotlin

var name: String? = null // `?` 声明变量可为 null 

判空

Java

if (name != null) {

    int len = name.length;
}

Kotlin

name?.let{

    val len = name.length
}

逻辑表达式

Java

String y = x > 6 ? "x > 6" : "x <= 6";

Kotlin

var y = if (x > 6)
            "x > 6"
        else "x <= 6"

类型判断及转换

Java

if (obj instanceof Person) {

    Person p = (Person) obj;
}

Kotlin

if (obj is Person) {

    var p = obj //智能转换
}

区间

Java

if (value >= 0 && value <= 100) {
}

for (int i = 1; i <= 100 ; i++) {}

for (int i = 1; i < 100 ; i++) {}

for (int i = 100; i >= 0 ; i--) {}

for (int i = 1; i <= 100 ; i+=2) {}

for (int i = 100; i >= 0 ; i-=2) {}

Kotlin

if (value is 0..100) {
}

for (i in 1..100 ) {}

for (i in 1 until 100) {} // 半开区间:不包含 100

for (i in 100 downTo 0) {}

for (i in 1..100 step 2) {}

for (i in 100 donwTo 1 step 2) {}

list 和 map ( 针对 Java 8 之前版本 )

Java

List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4);

for(Integer value : list) {

   System.out.println(value);
}

Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put(1, "Java");

map.put(2, "Kotlin");

map.put(3, "iOS");

map.put(4, "React Native");


Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, String>> iterator = map.entrySet().iterator();

while (iterator.hasNext()) {

    Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = iterator.next();

    System.out.println(entry.getKey() + " , " + entry.getValue());
}

Kotlin

var list = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4);

list.forEach {

   println(it)
}

var map = mapOf(1 to "Java", 2 to "Kotlin", 3 to "iOS", 4 to "React Native")

map.forEach { key, value ->

    println("$key, $value")
}

// 或者

for ((key, value) in map) {

    println("$key, $value")
}

开关语句

Java

int score = // some score
String grade;
switch (score) {
	case 10:
	case 9:
		grade = "Excellent";
		break;
	case 8:
	case 7:
	case 6:
		grade = "Good";
		break;
	case 5:
	case 4:
		grade = "Ok";
		break;
	case 3:
	case 2:
	case 1:
		grade = "Fail";
		break;
	default:
	    grade = "Fail";				
}

Kotlin

var score = // some score
var grade = when (score) {

	9, 10 -> "Excellent" 

	in 6..8 -> "Good"

	4, 5 -> "Ok"

	in 1..3 -> "Fail"

	else -> "Fail"
}

流水线

Java

List<String> list = Arrays.asList("java", "c++", "Android", "Kotlin", "iOS");

for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++ ) {

    list.set(i, "Hello " + list.get(i));

    if (!list.get(i).contains("c")) {

        System.out.println(list.get(i));
    }
}

//输出:
//    Hello java
//    Hello Android
//    Hello Kotlin
//    Hello iOS

Kotlin

var list = arrayOf("java", "c++", "Android", "Kotlin", "iOS")

list.map {

    "Hello $it"

}.filter {

    !it.contains("c")

}.forEach {

    println(it)

}

//输出:
//    Hello java
//    Hello Android
//    Hello Kotlin
//    Hello iOS

函数

Java

public final void func() {}

public final int func(int value) {

    return 1 * value;
}

Kotlin

fun func() {}

fun func(value: Int): Int {

    return 1 * value
}

// 或者

fun func(value: Int): Int = 1 * value

Java

public final class Person {

    private String name = null;

    private int age = 25;

    private Person() {
    }

    public Person(String name, int age) {

        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }
}

Kotlin

class Person private constructor() {

    private var name: String? = null

    private var age: Int = 25
    
    constructor (name: String, age: Int): this() {

        this.name = name
        this.age = age
    }
}

静态方法( 伴生对象 )

Java

public final class Manager {

    private Manager() {}

    public static Manager getInstance () {

        return new Manager();
    }
}

Kotlin

class Manager private constructor() {

    companion object {

        fun getInstance(): Manager = Manager()
    }
}

实体类

Java

public class Person {

    public String name;

    public age;

    public Person(String name, int age) {

        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) return true;
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;

        Person person = (Person) o;

        if (age != person.age) return false;
        return name != null ? name.equals(person.name) : person.name == null;

    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        int result = name != null ? name.hashCode() : 0;
        result = 31 * result + age;
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }
}

Kotlin

data class Person(var name: String, var age: Int)

解构

Java

Person p = new Person("haohao", 25);

String name = p.getName();

String age = p.getAge();

Kotlin

var p = Person("name", 25)

var (name, age) = p

接口

Java

interface Readable {

    String getContent();
}
public final class Book implements Readable {

    @override
    public String getContent() {

        return "Hello";
    }
} 

Kotlin

// Kotlin 接口中可以设置抽象和非抽象方法,可以有属性但必须声明为抽象或提供访问器实现。
interface Readable {

   fun getContent(): String

   fun getVersion(): Int = 0 
   
}
class Book(): Readable {

   override fun getContent(): String = "Hello"
   
   override fun getVersion(): Int {

       return super.getVersion()
   }
}

继承

Java

public class Person {
 
    private String name = null;

    public Person(String name) {
        this.name = name;
       
    }

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("Hello");
    }

    public final void sayGood() {
        System.out.println("Good");
    }

}
public final class Student extends Person {

    private String school = null;

    public Student(String name, String school) {
        super(name);
        this.school = school;
    }

    @Override
    public void sayHello() {
        super.sayHello();
        System.out.println("Hello Student");
    }
}

Kotlin

open class Person(private var name: String? = null) {

    open fun sayHello() = println("Hello")

    fun sayGood() = println("Good")

}
class Student(private var school: String? = null, name: String): Person(name) {
    
   override fun sayHello() {
       super.sayHello()
       println("Hello Student")
   }
    
} 

静态与非静态内部类

Java

public final class Outer {

    private int bar = 100;
    
    public static class Nester {
         
        public final String foo() {
            return "Hello Kotlin!";
        }
    }

    public final class Inner {
    
        public final int foo() {
            return bar; // 可以访问外部类成员
        }
        
    }
    
}


System.out.println(new Outer.Nester().foo()); 

// System.out.println(new Outer().Inner().foo()); 不能在其他类中实例化非静态内部类

Kotlin

class Outer {
    private var bar: Int = 100

    // 嵌套类
    class Nester {
        // 不能访问外部类成员
        fun foo() = "Hello Kotlin!"
    }

    // 内部类
    inner class Inner {
        // 可以访问外部类成员
        fun foo() = bar
    }
}



println(Outer.Nested().foo())

println(Outer().Inner().foo())

匿名内部类

Java

view.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
   
    @override
    onClick(View view){
        // to do something.
    }
 
});

Kotlin

interface OnClickListener {
    fun onClick()
}

class View(){
    var listener: OnClickListener? = null

    fun setOnClickListener(listener: OnClickListener) {
        this.listener = listener
    }
}

view.setOnClickListener(object : OnClickListener{
    override fun onClick() {
        TODO("not implemented")
    }
})

扩展

Java

// Java 类不能直接进行扩展

Kotlin

// 一般扩展
class MyClass {
   fun foo() = println("member")
}

fun MyClass.bar() = println("extension")

MyClass().bar()

//输出: extension
// 扩展函数与成员函数相同
class MyClass {

   fun foo() = println("member")
}

fun MyClass.foo() = println("extension") // 扩展函数与成员函数相同时, 成员函数优先

fun MyClass.foo(para: Int) = println("extension")

MyClass().foo()

MyClass().foo(0)

//输出: 
//     member
//     extension
      

Kotlin Call Java

Java

public class Person {
    private String name = null;
    private int age = 0;

    public Person(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Person() {
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "name : " + name + ", age : " + age;
    }
}

Kotlin

var p = Person()
p.name = "haohao"
p.age = 25

println(p.toString())

// name : haohao, age : 25

Java Call Kotlin

Kotlin

// Example.kt
package demo

class MyClass

fun func() {

}

Java

new demo.MyClass();

demo.ExampleKt.func();

泛型

Java

public final class Wrapper<T> {
    private T item;
    public Wrapper(T item) {
        this.item = item;
    }

    public T getItem() {
        return item;
    }
}

Wrapper<String> wrapper = new Wrapper<>("Hello Kotlin");
System.out.println(wrapper.getItem());

Kotlin

class Wrapper<T>(val item: T)

var wrapper = Wrapper("Hello Kotlin")
println(wrapper.item)

匿名函数 ( Lambda 表达式 )

Java (Java 8)

new Thread(() -> {

    System.out.println("Hello Kotlin");
    
}).start();

// 同下

new Thread(new Runnable() {

    @Override
    public void run() {
    
        System.out.println("Hello Kotlin");
	
    }
   
}).start();

Kotlin

Thread(Runnable {

    println("Hello Kotlin")
    
}).start()

// Kotlin Lambda 表达式语法

val sum = {x: Int, y: Int -> x + y }

val sum1: (Int, Int) -> Int = {x, y -> x + y }

val sum2 = fun(x: Int, y: Int): Int {
    return x + y
}

println(sum(2,8))

println(sum1(2,8))

println(sum2(2,8))

//输出:
//    10
//    10
//    10
//    Hello Kotlin

Kotlin 高阶函数

Java

// Java 不能直接实现高阶函数

Kotlin

// 高阶函数,即一个函数可作为高阶函数的参数
fun superFunc(desc: String?, method: () -> String) {
    print(desc)
    println(method())
}


fun argFun() = "我是高阶函数的参数"

//使用高阶函数

superFunc("这是一个高阶函数 ", ::argFun)

superFunc("这是一个高阶函数 ", { argFun() })

superFunc("这是一个高阶函数 ") { argFun() }


//输出:
//    这是一个高阶函数 我是高阶函数的参数
//    这是一个高阶函数 我是高阶函数的参数
//    这是一个高阶函数 我是高阶函数的参数

简单异步

Java (Java 8)

new Thread(() -> {

    data = DataSource.obtain(); //耗时操作
    
    runOnUiThread(() -> {
        
	view.load(data); //更新 UI   
	
    });
    
}).start();

Kotlin (Kotlin Anko)

async {

    data = DataSource.obtain(); //耗时操作
    
    uiThread {
        view.load(data); //更新 UI
    }
}

泛型函数

Java

// Java 不能单独实现泛型函数

Kotlin

fun <T> singletonList(item: T): List<T> {
    return arrayListOf(item)
}

val list = singletonList<String>("kotlin")

嵌套函数

Java

// Java 不支持嵌套函数

Kotlin

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

    fun sayHello() {
        println("Hello Kotlin")
    }

    sayHello();
}
// 输出:
//    Hello Kotlin

Kotlin 内联具体化

Kotlin

inline fun <reified TActivity> Activity.gotoActivity() {

    val intent = Intent(this, T::class.java)
    this.startActivity(intent)
}

gotoActivity<NewActivity>()

Kotlin lazy 懒加载

Kotlin

val lazyValue: String by lazy {
    println("init")  //第一次使用时才被初始化 
    "Hello Kotlin"
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    println(lazyValue)
    println(lazyValue)
}

//输出:
//    init
//    Hello Kotlin
//    Hello Kotlin

Kotlin observable 观察者

Kotlin

class Person{
    public var name: String by Delegates.observable("init .. "){
        property,oldValue,newValue -> println("property : $property, oldValue : $oldValue, newValue : $newValue")
    }
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    val person = Person()

    println(person.name)

    person.name = "haohao"
    person.name = "nannan"
}

//输出:
//    init .. 
//    property : var Person.name: kotlin.String, oldValue : init .. , newValue : haohao
//    property : var Person.name: kotlin.String, oldValue : haohao, newValue : nannan

Kotlin 闭包

Kotlin

val plus = {x: Int, y: Int -> println("$x plus $y is ${x+y}")}

val hello = {println("Hello Kotlin")}

fun main(args: Array<String>) { 

    {x: Int, y: Int ->
        println("$x plus $y is ${x+y}")
    }(2, 8)         // 自执行的闭包

    plus(2, 8)
    hello()
}

//输出:
//    2 plus 8 is 10
//    2 plus 8 is 10
//    Hello Kotlin

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