Fast, Simple, Secure
Download compiled executable executorserver
for your platform from Release and run.
Or, by docker
docker run -it --rm --privileged --shm-size=256m -p 5050:5050 --name=executorserver criyle/executorserver
A REST service to run program in restricted environment (Listening on localhost:5050
by default).
- /run POST execute program in the restricted environment (examples below)
- /file GET list all cached file id to original name map
- /file POST prepare a file in the executor service (in memory), returns fileId (can be referenced in /run parameter)
- /file/:fileId GET downloads file from executor service (in memory), returns file content
- /file/:fileId DELETE delete file specified by fileId
- /ws WebSocket for /run
- /version gets build git version (e.g.
v1.4.0
) together with runtime information (go version, os, platform) - /config gets some configuration (e.g.
fileStorePath
,runnerConfig
) together with some supported features
interface LocalFile {
src: string; // absolute path for the file
}
interface MemoryFile {
content: string | Buffer; // file contents
}
interface PreparedFile {
fileId: string; // fileId defines file uploaded by /file
}
interface Collector {
name: string; // file name in copyOut
max: number; // maximum bytes to collect from pipe
pipe?: boolean; // collect over pipe or not (default false)
}
interface Symlink {
symlink: string; // symlink destination (v1.6.0+)
}
interface Cmd {
args: string[]; // command line argument
env?: string[]; // environment
// specifies file input / pipe collector for program file descriptors
files?: (LocalFile | MemoryFile | PreparedFile | Collector)[];
tty?: boolean; // enables tty on the input and output pipes (should have just one input & one output)
// Notice: must have TERM environment variables (e.g. TERM=xterm)
// limitations
cpuLimit?: number; // ns
realCpuLimit?: number; // deprecated: use clock limit instead (still working)
clockLimit?: number; // ns
memoryLimit?: number; // byte
stackLimit?: number; // byte (N/A on windows, macOS cannot set over 32M)
procLimit?: number;
cpuRateLimit?: number; // limit cpu usage (1000 equals 1 cpu)
cpuSetLimit?: string; // Linux only: set the cpuSet for cgroup
strictMemoryLimit?: boolean; // Linux only: use stricter memory limit (+ rlimit_data when cgroup enabled)
// copy the correspond file to the container dst path
copyIn?: {[dst:string]:LocalFile | MemoryFile | PreparedFile | Symlink};
// copy out specifies files need to be copied out from the container after execution
// append '?' after file name will make the file optional and do not cause FileError when missing
copyOut?: string[];
// similar to copyOut but stores file in executor service and returns fileId, later download through /file/:fileId
copyOutCached?: string[];
// specifies the directory to dump container /w content
copyOutDir: string
// specifies the max file size to copy out
copyOutMax?: number; // byte
}
enum Status {
Accepted = 'Accepted', // normal
MemoryLimitExceeded = 'Memory Limit Exceeded', // mle
TimeLimitExceeded = 'Time Limit Exceeded', // tle
OutputLimitExceeded = 'Output Limit Exceeded', // ole
FileError = 'File Error', // fe
NonzeroExitStatus = 'Nonzero Exit Status',
Signalled = 'Signalled',
InternalError = 'Internal Error', // system error
}
interface PipeIndex {
index: number; // the index of cmd
fd: number; // the fd number of cmd
}
interface PipeMap {
in: PipeIndex; // input end of the pipe
out: PipeIndex; // output end of the pipe
// enable pipe proxy from in to out,
// content from in will be discarded if out closes
proxy?: boolean;
name?: string; // copy out proxy content if proxy enabled
// limit the copy out content size,
// proxy will still functioning after max
max?: number;
}
enum FileErrorType {
CopyInOpenFile = 'CopyInOpenFile',
CopyInCreateFile = 'CopyInCreateFile',
CopyInCopyContent = 'CopyInCopyContent',
CopyOutOpen = 'CopyOutOpen',
CopyOutNotRegularFile = 'CopyOutNotRegularFile',
CopyOutSizeExceeded = 'CopyOutSizeExceeded',
CopyOutCreateFile = 'CopyOutCreateFile',
CopyOutCopyContent = 'CopyOutCopyContent',
CollectSizeExceeded = 'CollectSizeExceeded',
}
interface FileError {
name: string; // error file name
type: FileErrorType; // type
message?: string; // detailed message
}
interface Request {
requestId?: string; // for WebSocket requests
cmd: Cmd[];
pipeMapping?: PipeMap[];
}
interface CancelRequest {
cancelRequestId: string;
};
// WebSocket request
type WSRequest = Request | CancelRequest;
interface Result {
status: Status;
error?: string; // potential system error message
exitStatus: number;
time: number; // ns (cgroup recorded time)
memory: number; // byte
runTime: number; // ns (wall clock time)
// copyFile name -> content
files?: {[name:string]:string};
// copyFileCached name -> fileId
fileIds?: {[name:string]:string};
// fileError contains detailed file errors
fileError?: FileError[];
}
// WebSocket results
interface WSResult {
requestId: string;
results: Result[];
error?: string;
}
FFI
var ffi = require('ffi-napi');
var executor_server = ffi.Library('./executor_server', {
'Init': ['int', ['string']],
'Exec': ['string', ['string']],
'FileList': ['string', []],
'FileAdd': ['string', ['string']],
'FileGet': ['string', ['string']],
'FileDelete': ['string', ['string']]
});
if (executor_server.Init(JSON.stringify({
cinitPath: "/judge/cinit",
parallelism: 4,
}))) {
console.log("Failed to init executor server");
}
const result = JSON.parse(executor_server.Exec(JSON.stringify({
"cmd": [{
"args": ["/bin/cat", "test.txt"],
"env": ["PATH=/usr/bin:/bin"],
"files": [{
"content": ""
}, {
"name": "stdout",
"max": 10240
}, {
"name": "stderr",
"max": 10240
}],
"cpuLimit": 10000000000,
"memoryLimit": 104857600,
"procLimit": 50,
"copyIn": {
"test.txt": {
"content": "TEST"
}
}
}]
})));
console.log(result);
// Async
executor_server.Exec.async(JSON.stringify({
"cmd": [{
"args": ["/bin/cat", "test.txt"],
"env": ["PATH=/usr/bin:/bin"],
"files": [{
"content": ""
}, {
"name": "stdout",
"max": 10240
}, {
"name": "stderr",
"max": 10240
}],
"cpuLimit": 10000000000,
"memoryLimit": 104857600,
"procLimit": 50,
"copyIn": {
"test.txt": {
"content": "TEST"
}
}
}]
}), (err, res) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(JSON.parse(res));
});
const fileAdd = (param) => new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
executor_server.FileAdd.async(JSON.stringify(param), (err, res) => {
if (err != null) { reject(err); } else { resolve(res); }
});
});
const fileList = () => new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
executor_server.FileList.async((err, res) => {
if (err != null && res == null) { reject(err); } else { resolve(JSON.parse(res)); }
});
});
const fileGet = (param) => new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
executor_server.FileGet.async(JSON.stringify(param), (err, res) => {
if (err != null && res == null) { reject(err); } else { resolve(res); }
});
});
const fileDelete = (param) => new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
executor_server.FileDelete.async(JSON.stringify(param), (err, res) => {
if (err != null && res == null) { reject(err); } else { resolve(res); }
});
});
const fileOps = async () => {
const fileId = await fileAdd({ name: 'Name', content: 'Content' });
console.log(fileId);
const list = await fileList();
console.log(list);
const file = await fileGet({ id: fileId });
console.log(file);
const d = await fileDelete({ id: fileId });
console.log(d);
const e = await fileList();
console.log(e);
};
fileOps();
Output:
{
requestId: '',
results: [
{
status: 'Accepted',
exitStatus: 0,
time: 814048,
memory: 253952,
files: [Object]
}
]
}
Plese use PostMan or similar tools to send request to http://localhost:5050/run
Single (this example require `apt install g++` inside the container)
{
"cmd": [{
"args": ["/usr/bin/g++", "a.cc", "-o", "a"],
"env": ["PATH=/usr/bin:/bin"],
"files": [{
"content": ""
}, {
"name": "stdout",
"max": 10240
}, {
"name": "stderr",
"max": 10240
}],
"cpuLimit": 10000000000,
"memoryLimit": 104857600,
"procLimit": 50,
"copyIn": {
"a.cc": {
"content": "#include <iostream>\nusing namespace std;\nint main() {\nint a, b;\ncin >> a >> b;\ncout << a + b << endl;\n}"
}
},
"copyOut": ["stdout", "stderr"],
"copyOutCached": ["a.cc", "a"],
"copyOutDir": "1"
}]
}
[
{
"status": "Accepted",
"exitStatus": 0,
"time": 303225231,
"memory": 32243712,
"runTime": 524177700,
"files": {
"stderr": "",
"stdout": ""
},
"fileIds": {
"a": "5LWIZAA45JHX4Y4Z",
"a.cc": "NOHPGGDTYQUFRSLJ"
}
}
]
{
"cmd": [{
"args": ["a"],
"env": ["PATH=/usr/bin:/bin"],
"files": [{
"content": "1 1"
}, {
"name": "stdout",
"max": 10240
}, {
"name": "stderr",
"max": 10240
}],
"cpuLimit": 10000000000,
"memoryLimit": 104857600,
"procLimit": 50,
"strictMemoryLimit": false,
"copyIn": {
"a": {
"fileId": "5LWIZAA45JHX4Y4Z"
}
}
}]
}
[
{
"status": "Accepted",
"exitStatus": 0,
"time": 1173000,
"memory": 10637312,
"runTime": 1100200,
"files": {
"stderr": "",
"stdout": "2\n"
}
}
]
Multiple (interaction problem)
{
"cmd": [{
"args": ["/bin/cat", "1"],
"env": ["PATH=/usr/bin:/bin"],
"files": [{
"content": ""
}, null, {
"name": "stderr",
"max": 10240
}],
"cpuLimit": 1000000000,
"memoryLimit": 1048576,
"procLimit": 50,
"copyIn": {
"1": { "content": "TEST 1" }
},
"copyOut": ["stderr"]
},
{
"args": ["/bin/cat"],
"env": ["PATH=/usr/bin:/bin"],
"files": [null, {
"name": "stdout",
"max": 10240
}, {
"name": "stderr",
"max": 10240
}],
"cpuLimit": 1000000000,
"memoryLimit": 1048576,
"procLimit": 50,
"copyOut": ["stdout", "stderr"]
}],
"pipeMapping": [{
"in" : {"index": 0, "fd": 1 },
"out" : {"index": 1, "fd" : 0 }
}]
}
[
{
"status": "Accepted",
"exitStatus": 0,
"time": 1545123,
"memory": 253952,
"runTime": 4148800,
"files": {
"stderr": ""
},
"fileIds": {}
},
{
"status": "Accepted",
"exitStatus": 0,
"time": 1501463,
"memory": 253952,
"runTime": 5897700,
"files": {
"stderr": "",
"stdout": "TEST 1"
},
"fileIds": {}
}
]
Compile On Windows (cygwin)
{
"cmd": [{
"args": ["C:\\Cygwin\\bin\\g++", "a.cc", "-o", "a"],
"env": ["PATH=C:\\Cygwin\\bin;"],
"files": [{
"content": ""
}, {
"name": "stdout",
"max": 10240
}, {
"name": "stderr",
"max": 10240
}],
"cpuLimit": 10000000000,
"memoryLimit": 104857600,
"procLimit": 50,
"copyIn": {
"a.cc": {
"content": "#include <iostream>\n#include <signal.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\nusing namespace std;\nint main() {\nint a, b;\ncin >> a >> b;\ncout << a + b << endl;\n}"
}
},
"copyOutCached": ["a.exe"]
}]
}
[
{
"status": "Accepted",
"exitStatus": 0,
"time": 140625000,
"memory": 36286464,
"files": {
"stderr": "",
"stdout": ""
},
"fileIds": {
"a.exe": "HLQH2OF4MXUUJBCB"
}
}
]
Infinite loop with cpu rate control
{
"cmd": [{
"args": ["/usr/bin/python3", "1.py"],
"env": ["PATH=/usr/bin:/bin"],
"files": [{"content": ""}, {"name": "stdout","max": 10240}, {"name": "stderr","max": 10240}],
"cpuLimit": 3000000000,
"clockLimit": 4000000000,
"memoryLimit": 104857600,
"procLimit": 50,
"cpuRate": 0.1,
"copyIn": {
"1.py": {
"content": "while True:\n pass"
}
}}]
}
[
{
"status": "Time Limit Exceeded",
"exitStatus": 9,
"time": 414803599,
"memory": 3657728,
"runTime": 4046054900,
"files": {
"stderr": "",
"stdout": ""
}
}
]
- Linux Kernel Version >= 3.10
- Cgroup file system mounted at /sys/fs/cgroup. Usually done by systemd
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Transport Layer (HTTP / WebSocket / FFI / ...) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Executor Worker (Environment Pool w/ Environment Builder ) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| EnvExec | File Store |
+--------------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------+------+
| Linux (go-sandbox) | Windows (winc) | macOS (app sandbox) | Shared Memory | Disk |
+--------------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------+------+
Server:
- The default binding address for the executor server is
localhost:5050
. Can be specified with-http-addr
flag. - By default gRPC endpoint is disabled, to enable gRPC endpoint, add
-enable-grpc
flag. - The default binding address for the gRPC executor server is
localhost:5051
. Can be specified with-grpc-addr
flag. - The default log level is info, use
-silent
to disable logs or use-release
to enable release logger (auto turn on if in docker). -auth-token
to add token-based authentication to REST / gRPC- By default, the GO debug endpoints (
localhost:5052/debug
) are disabled, to enable, specifies-enable-debug
, and it also enables debug log - By default, the prometheus metrics endpoints (
localhost:5052/metrics
) are disabled, to enable, specifies-enable-metrics
- Monitoring HTTP endpoint is enabled if metrics / debug is enabled, the default addr is
localhost:5052
and can be specified by-monitor-addr
Sandbox:
- The default concurrency equal to number of CPU, Can be specified with
-parallelism
flag. - The default file store is in memory, local cache can be specified with
-dir
flag. - The default CGroup prefix is
executor_server
, Can be specified with-cgroup-prefix
flag. -src-prefix
to restrictsrc
copyIn path split by comma (need to be absolute path) (example:/bin,/usr
)-time-limit-checker-interval
specifies time limit checker interval (default 100ms) (valid value: [1ms, 1s])-output-limit
specifies size limit of POSIX rlimit of output (default 256MiB)-extra-memory-limit
specifies the additional memory limit to check memory limit exceeded (default 16KiB)-copy-out-limit
specifies the default file copy out max (default 64MiB)-open-file-limit
specifies the max number of open files (default 256)-cpuset
specifiescpuset.cpus
cgroup for each container (Linux only)-container-cred-start
specifies containersetuid
/setgid
credential start point (default: 10000) (Linux only)- for example, by default container 0 will run with 10001 uid & gid and container 1 will run with 10002 uid & gid...
-enable-cpu-rate
enabledcpu
cgroup to control cpu rate using cfs_quota & cfs_period control (Linux only)-cpu-cfs-period
specifies cfs_period if cpu rate is enabled (default 100ms) (valid value: [1ms, 1s])
-seccomp-conf
specifiesseecomp
filter setting to load when running program (need build tagseccomp
) (Linux only)- for example, by
strace -c prog
to get allsyscall
needed and restrict to that sub set - however, the
syscall
count in one platform(e.g. x86_64) is not suitable for all platform, so this option is not recommended - the program killed by seccomp filter will have status
Dangerous Syscall
- for example, by
-pre-fork
specifies number of container to create when server starts-tmp-fs-param
specifies the tmpfs parameter for/w
and/tmp
when using default mounting (Linux only)-file-timeout
specifies maximum TTL for file created in file store (e.g.30m
)-mount-conf
specifies detailed mount configuration, please refermount.yaml
as a reference (Linux only)-container-init-path
specifies path tocinit
(do not use, debug only) (Linux only)
Environment variable will be override by command line arguments if they both present and all command line arguments have its correspond environment variable (e.g. ES_HTTP_ADDR
). Run executorserver --help
to see all the environment variable configurations.
Build by your own docker build -t executorserver -f Dockerfile.exec .
The executorserver
need root privilege to create cgroup
. Either creates sub-directory /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuacct/executor_server
, /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/executor_server
, /sys/fs/cgroup/pids/executor_server
and make execution user readable or use sudo
to run it.
Build container init cinit
:
go build -o cinit ./cmd/cinit
Build executor_server.so
:
go build -buildmode=c-shared -o executor_server.so ./cmd/ffi/
For example, in JavaScript, run with ffi-napi
(seems node 14 is not supported yet):
Build go build ./cmd/executorproxy
Run ./executorproxy
, connect to gRPC endpoint expose as a REST endpoint.
Build go build ./cmd/executorshell
Run ./executorshell
, connect to gRPC endpoint with interactive shell.
- Accepted: Program exited with status code 0 within time & memory limits
- Memory Limit Exceeded: Program uses more memory than memory limits
- Time Limit Exceeded:
- Program uses more CPU time than cpuLimit
- Or, program uses more clock time than clockLimit
- Output Limit Exceeded:
- Program output more than pipeCollector limits
- Or, program output more than output-limit
- File Error:
- CopyIn file is not existed
- Or, CopyIn file too large for container file system
- Or, CopyOut file is not existed after program exited
- Non Zero Exit Status: Program exited with non 0 status code within time & memory limits
- Signalled: Program exited with signal (e.g. SIGSEGV)
- Dangerous Syscall: Program killed by seccomp filter
- Internal Error:
- Program is not exist
- Or, container create not successful (e.g. not privileged docker)
- Or, other errors
For linux platform, the default mounts points are bind mounting host's /lib
, /lib64
, /usr
, /bin
, /etc/ld.so.cache
, /etc/alternatives
, /etc/fpc.cfg
, /dev/null
, /dev/urandom
, /dev/random
, /dev/zero
, /dev/full
and mounts tmpfs at /w
, /tmp
and creates /proc
.
To customize mount points, please look at example mount.yaml
file.
tmpfs
size for /w
and /tmp
is configured through -tmp-fs-param
with default value size=128m,nr_inodes=4k
If a file named /.env
exists in the container rootfs, the container will load the file as environment variable line by line.
If a bind mount is specifying a target within the previous mounted one, please ensure the target exists in the previous mount point.
- envexec: run single / group of programs in parallel within restricted environment and resource constraints
- env: reference implementation environments to inject into envexec
- Build
executorserver
by:go build ./cmd/executorserver/
- Build
executor_server.dll
: (need to installgcc
as well)go build -buildmode=c-shared -o executor_server.so ./cmd/ffi/
- Run:
./executorserver
- Resources are limited by JobObject
- Privillege are limited by Restricted Low Mandatory Level Token
- Low Mandatory Level directory is created for read / write
- Build
executorserver
by:go build ./cmd/executorserver/
- Build
executor_server.dylib
: (need to installXCode
)go build -buildmode=c-shared -o executor_server.dylib ./cmd/ffi/
- Run:
./executorserver
sandbox-init
profile deny network access and file read / write and read / write to/Users
directory
The cgroup v2 is supported by executorserver
now when running as root since more Linux distribution are enabling cgroup v2 by default (e.g. Ubuntu 21.10+, Fedora 31+). However, due to missing memory.max_usage_in_bytes
in memory
controller, the memory usage is now accounted by maxrss
returned by wait4
syscall. Thus, the memory usage appears higher than those who uses cgroup v1.
When running in containers, the executorserver
will migrate all processed into /init
hierarchy to enable nesting support.
By default, user namespace is disabled and it can be enabled following stack overflow
echo user.max_user_namespaces=10000 >> /etc/sysctl.d/98-userns.conf
sysctl -p
# reboot make the config effective
reboot
The controller will consume 20M
memory and each container will consume 20M
+ size of tmpfs 2 * 128M
. For each request, it consumes as much as user program limit + extra limit (16k
) + total copy out max. Notice that the cached file stores in the shared memory (/dev/shm
) of the host, so please ensure enough size allocated.
For example, when concurrency = 4, the executor itself can consume as much as 60 + (20+32) * 4M = 268M
+ 4 * total copy out + total max memory of requests.
Due to limitation of GO runtime, the memory will not return to OS automatically, which could lead to OOM killer. The background worker was introduced to checks heap usage and invokes GC when necessary.
-force-gc-target
default20m
, the minimal size to trigger GC-force-gc-interval
default5s
, the interval to check memory usage
By wrk
with t.lua
: wrk -s t.lua -c 1 -t 1 -d 30s --latency http://localhost:5050/run
.
However, these results are not the real use cases since the running time depends on the actual program specifies in the request. Normally, the executor server consumes ~1ms more compare to running without sandbox.
wrk.method = "POST"
wrk.body = '{"cmd":[{"args":["/bin/cat","a.hs"],"env":["PATH=/usr/bin:/bin"],"files":[{"content":""},{"name":"stdout","max":10240},{"name":"stderr","max":10240}],"cpuLimit":10000000000,"memoryLimit":104857600,"procLimit":50,"copyIn":{"a.hs":{"content":"main = putStrLn \\"Hello, World!\\""},"b":{"content":"TEST"}}}]}'
wrk.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json;charset=UTF-8"
- Single thread ~800-860 op/s Windows 10 WSL2 @ 5800X
- Multi thread ~4500-6000 op/s Windows 10 WSL2 @ 5800X
Single thread:
Running 30s test @ http://localhost:5050/run
1 threads and 1 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 1.16ms 132.89us 6.20ms 90.15%
Req/Sec 0.87k 19.33 0.91k 85.33%
Latency Distribution
50% 1.13ms
75% 1.18ms
90% 1.27ms
99% 1.61ms
25956 requests in 30.01s, 6.88MB read
Requests/sec: 864.88
Transfer/sec: 234.68KB