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PL/Java is a free add-on module that brings Java™ Stored Procedures, Triggers, and Functions to the PostgreSQL™ backend.

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<body lang=EN-US link=navy vlink=purple style='tab-interval:62.5pt;line-break:
strict'>

<div class=Section1>

<h1><span class=GramE>First release of the PL/Java.</span><o:p></o:p></h1>

<p>With this release you can call functions and triggers in Java. At present
the implementation uses a very simple <span class=SpellE>classloader</span>
mechanism (the CLASSPATH must be set prior to starting postmaster) and there's
no <st1:PersonName>support</st1:PersonName> for passing or returning sets. The
plan is to build the lacking functionality so that it conforms as close as
possible to the SQL-2003 standard and to make use of <span class=SpellE>java.sql</span>
interfaces.<o:p></o:p></p>

<h1>The intended road map looks like this:<o:p></o:p></h1>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo13;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Wrap the Relation/<span class=SpellE>TupleDesc/Tuple</span>
code in the interfaces <span class=SpellE>ResultSet</span> and <span
class=SpellE>ResultSetMetaData</span> (<span class=SpellE>java.sql</span>
package) and change so that complex types and sets are passed as <span
class=SpellE>ResultSet.</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo13;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Far better packaging, more generic <span
class=SpellE>makefile</span>, and more elaborated instructions on how to build.</p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo13;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Implement <span class=SpellE>java.sql</span>
interfaces on top of SPI functions (<span class=SpellE>SPI_prepare</span>, <span
class=SpellE>SPI_cursor_open</span>, etc.).</p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo13;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Enable the SQLJ schema with functions like
INSTALL_JAR, REPLACE_JAR, REMOVE_JAR, and ALTER_JAVA_PATH (this is according to
SQL-2003 standard).</p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo13;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>5.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Documentation, both API and User Guide.</p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo13;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>6.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>If possible, add transaction <st1:PersonName>support</st1:PersonName>
so that interfaces like <span class=SpellE>javax.transaction.Synchronization</span>
can be used.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<p>Further steps aimed to bring the PL/Java more closely to the standard will
be dependent on some additions to the Postgres SQL parser. User Defined Java
types in particular needs to be addressed. The ability to write &quot;EXTERNAL
NAME '...'&quot; instead of just &quot;AS '...'&quot; in CREATE FUNCTION is
another issue. There's more...</p>

<h1>How to get started</h1>

<p>See to that you have Java 1.4 installed on your machine.</p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<p>This project has been written using Linux 9.0 on an Intel box and Eclipse
3.0 with CDT 2.0. The <span class=SpellE>pljava</span> CVS contains the some
Eclipse specific files. They are there for convenience only and there�s
absolutely no requirement to use Eclipse (nor of course to use Linux and Intel).
You must at least have Ant (look at the apache.org website) in order to build
the Java stuff and to generate the JNI headers.</p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<p>Install the source of postgresql-7.4. Place it adjacent to the <span
class=SpellE>org.postgresql.pljava</span> directory (the <span class=SpellE>makefiles</span>
<span class=GramE>uses ../postgresql-7.4 to get to the Postgres source).</span></p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<p>In order to run the test code you will also need the Postgres JDBC driver.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<p>Once everything compile, you must do the following:<o:p></o:p></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo14;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>-<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>The <span class=SpellE>postgresql.conf</span> <span
class=SpellE>dynamic_library_path</span> variable must be set so that
postmaster can find the <span class=SpellE>libpljava.so</span> file.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo14;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>-<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>The CLASSPATH environment variable seen by
postmaster must point to the <span class=SpellE>pljava.jar</span> and the <span
class=SpellE>examples.jar</span> (the latter only required for the samples and
test of course). This is a temporary kludge (see road map).<o:p></o:p></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo14;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>-<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>The LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable must be
set so that the loader finds the shared libraries used by the JVM. A standard
install on an Intel Linux box will need LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/i386:$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/i386/client.</p>

<h1>Run the tests.</h1>

<p>Once the postmaster is running with the above configuration, you should be
able to run the test code found in <span class=SpellE>org.postgresql.pljava.test.Tester</span>.
It contains some rudimentary tests for primitive parameter passing and the
client side of a Java version of a couple of triggers originally from the
postgres source distribution (under <span class=SpellE>contrib/spi</span>).
Look at the code first. It�s not very scientific.<o:p></o:p></p>

<h1>Known issues<o:p></o:p></h1>

<h3><span class=SpellE>Makefiles</span></h3>

<p>The <span class=SpellE>makefiles</span> of this project should be improved
(need better way to find the postgres include files for instance). Help and
ideas in this area are greatly appreciated.</p>

<h3>Obsolete <span class=SpellE>jni.h</span><o:p></o:p></h3>

<p>On a Linux 9 system, there is a <span class=SpellE>jni.h</span> file that
apparently is bundled with the GNU compiler. The GNU <span class=SpellE>jni.h</span>
file has no <st1:PersonName>support</st1:PersonName> for JNI 1.4 and cannot be
used. An error like �JNI_1_4 undefined� indicates that the compiler uses an
incorrect file.</p>

<h3>Loader semantics</h3>

<p>Java and JNI will use the following naming scheme when finding the shared
library on a <span class=GramE>Unix</span> box:</p>

<p><span class=SpellE>Prepend</span> the name with �lib� and then append �.so�.
Find the resulting file using the LD_LIBRARY_PATH.</p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<p>On a Windows box it does like this:</p>

<p>Append �.<span class=SpellE>dll</span>� (nothing is <span class=SpellE>prepended</span>)
and then use PATH to find the resulting file.</p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<p>Postgres have a scheme of its own. Apparently it doesn�t <span class=SpellE>prepend</span>
the �lib� on a <span class=GramE>Unix</span> box and it uses the <span
class=SpellE>Dynamic_library_path</span> instead of the LD_LIBRARY_PATH/PATH to
find the module. <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Unfortunately, the <span
class=SpellE>Dynamic_library_path</span> is not seen by the loader so if a
module needs to load other dynamic libraries it will fail unless
LD_LIBRARY_PATH/PATH is set correctly.</p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<p>At present, I merge the <span class=SpellE>Dynamic_library_path</span> and
the LD_LIBRARY_PATH and use the result in the JVM. That seems to work fine (the
JVM will attempt to load the shared library too and unless it finds the already
loaded one, it will fail). I think that it would be great if <span
class=SpellE>PostgreSQL</span> could do the merge and set the correct
LD_LIBRARY_PATH/PATH in the environment used by the forked backend processes.
That way, the system loader would function correctly and <span class=SpellE>PostgreSQL</span>
would not need any specific code to handle module loading.</p>

<h3><span class=GramE>Java Garbage Collector versus <span class=SpellE>PostgreSQL</span>
<span class=SpellE>palloc</span>.</span></h3>

<p>Primitive types will be passed by value always. This includes the String
type (this is a must since Java uses double byte characters). Complex types and
the <span class=SpellE>TriggerData</span> structure are however passed by
reference. In essence, a Java object will contain a pointer to a <span
class=SpellE>palloc�ed</span> memory and use native JNI calls to extract and
manipulate data. Such data will become �stale� once a call has ended and code
is present to ensure that such pointers are cleared. Any attempt to access
instances of the following classes after the called where they where obtain has
ended will yield a �closed native handle� exception:</p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<p style='margin-left:62.5pt'><span class=SpellE><code><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>org.postgresql.pljava.Relation</span></code></span><code><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></code></p>

<p style='margin-left:62.5pt'><span class=SpellE><code><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>org.postgresql.pljava.TriggerData</span></code></span><code><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></code></p>

<p style='margin-left:62.5pt'><span class=SpellE><code><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>org.postgresql.pljava.Tuple</span></code></span><code><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></code></p>

<p style='margin-left:62.5pt'><span class=SpellE><code><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>org.postgresql.pljava.TupleDesc</span></code></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<h3><span class=GramE>And�</span></h3>

<p>You will most likely find more issues.</p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

</div>

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PL/Java is a free add-on module that brings Java™ Stored Procedures, Triggers, and Functions to the PostgreSQL™ backend.

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